redict/src/t_zset.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2012, Salvatore Sanfilippo <antirez at gmail dot com>
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2012, Pieter Noordhuis <pcnoordhuis at gmail dot com>
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *     documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *   * Neither the name of Redis nor the names of its contributors may be used
 *     to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
 *     specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
 * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Sorted set API
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* ZSETs are ordered sets using two data structures to hold the same elements
 * in order to get O(log(N)) INSERT and REMOVE operations into a sorted
 * data structure.
 *
 * The elements are added to a hash table mapping Redis objects to scores.
 * At the same time the elements are added to a skip list mapping scores
 * to Redis objects (so objects are sorted by scores in this "view").
 *
 * Note that the SDS string representing the element is the same in both
 * the hash table and skiplist in order to save memory. What we do in order
 * to manage the shared SDS string more easily is to free the SDS string
 * only in zslFreeNode(). The dictionary has no value free method set.
 * So we should always remove an element from the dictionary, and later from
 * the skiplist.
 *
 * This skiplist implementation is almost a C translation of the original
 * algorithm described by William Pugh in "Skip Lists: A Probabilistic
 * Alternative to Balanced Trees", modified in three ways:
 * a) this implementation allows for repeated scores.
 * b) the comparison is not just by key (our 'score') but by satellite data.
 * c) there is a back pointer, so it's a doubly linked list with the back
 * pointers being only at "level 1". This allows to traverse the list
 * from tail to head, useful for ZREVRANGE. */

#include "server.h"
#include <math.h>

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Skiplist implementation of the low level API
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int zslLexValueGteMin(sds value, zlexrangespec *spec);
int zslLexValueLteMax(sds value, zlexrangespec *spec);

/* Create a skiplist node with the specified number of levels.
 * The SDS string 'ele' is referenced by the node after the call. */
zskiplistNode *zslCreateNode(int level, double score, sds ele) {
    zskiplistNode *zn =
        zmalloc(sizeof(*zn)+level*sizeof(struct zskiplistLevel));
    zn->score = score;
    zn->ele = ele;
    return zn;
}

/* Create a new skiplist. */
zskiplist *zslCreate(void) {
    int j;
    zskiplist *zsl;

    zsl = zmalloc(sizeof(*zsl));
    zsl->level = 1;
    zsl->length = 0;
    zsl->header = zslCreateNode(ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL,0,NULL);
    for (j = 0; j < ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL; j++) {
        zsl->header->level[j].forward = NULL;
        zsl->header->level[j].span = 0;
    }
    zsl->header->backward = NULL;
    zsl->tail = NULL;
    return zsl;
}

/* Free the specified skiplist node. The referenced SDS string representation
 * of the element is freed too, unless node->ele is set to NULL before calling
 * this function. */
void zslFreeNode(zskiplistNode *node) {
    sdsfree(node->ele);
    zfree(node);
}

/* Free a whole skiplist. */
void zslFree(zskiplist *zsl) {
    zskiplistNode *node = zsl->header->level[0].forward, *next;

    zfree(zsl->header);
    while(node) {
        next = node->level[0].forward;
        zslFreeNode(node);
        node = next;
    }
    zfree(zsl);
}

/* Returns a random level for the new skiplist node we are going to create.
 * The return value of this function is between 1 and ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL
 * (both inclusive), with a powerlaw-alike distribution where higher
 * levels are less likely to be returned. */
int zslRandomLevel(void) {
    int level = 1;
    while ((random()&0xFFFF) < (ZSKIPLIST_P * 0xFFFF))
        level += 1;
    return (level<ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL) ? level : ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL;
}

/* Insert a new node in the skiplist. Assumes the element does not already
 * exist (up to the caller to enforce that). The skiplist takes ownership
 * of the passed SDS string 'ele'. */
zskiplistNode *zslInsert(zskiplist *zsl, double score, sds ele) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned int rank[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL];
    int i, level;

    serverAssert(!isnan(score));
    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        /* store rank that is crossed to reach the insert position */
        rank[i] = i == (zsl->level-1) ? 0 : rank[i+1];
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
                (x->level[i].forward->score < score ||
                    (x->level[i].forward->score == score &&
                    sdscmp(x->level[i].forward->ele,ele) < 0)))
        {
            rank[i] += x->level[i].span;
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }
    /* we assume the element is not already inside, since we allow duplicated
     * scores, reinserting the same element should never happen since the
     * caller of zslInsert() should test in the hash table if the element is
     * already inside or not. */
    level = zslRandomLevel();
    if (level > zsl->level) {
        for (i = zsl->level; i < level; i++) {
            rank[i] = 0;
            update[i] = zsl->header;
            update[i]->level[i].span = zsl->length;
        }
        zsl->level = level;
    }
    x = zslCreateNode(level,score,ele);
    for (i = 0; i < level; i++) {
        x->level[i].forward = update[i]->level[i].forward;
        update[i]->level[i].forward = x;

        /* update span covered by update[i] as x is inserted here */
        x->level[i].span = update[i]->level[i].span - (rank[0] - rank[i]);
        update[i]->level[i].span = (rank[0] - rank[i]) + 1;
    }

    /* increment span for untouched levels */
    for (i = level; i < zsl->level; i++) {
        update[i]->level[i].span++;
    }

    x->backward = (update[0] == zsl->header) ? NULL : update[0];
    if (x->level[0].forward)
        x->level[0].forward->backward = x;
    else
        zsl->tail = x;
    zsl->length++;
    return x;
}

/* Internal function used by zslDelete, zslDeleteRangeByScore and
 * zslDeleteRangeByRank. */
void zslDeleteNode(zskiplist *zsl, zskiplistNode *x, zskiplistNode **update) {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < zsl->level; i++) {
        if (update[i]->level[i].forward == x) {
            update[i]->level[i].span += x->level[i].span - 1;
            update[i]->level[i].forward = x->level[i].forward;
        } else {
            update[i]->level[i].span -= 1;
        }
    }
    if (x->level[0].forward) {
        x->level[0].forward->backward = x->backward;
    } else {
        zsl->tail = x->backward;
    }
    while(zsl->level > 1 && zsl->header->level[zsl->level-1].forward == NULL)
        zsl->level--;
    zsl->length--;
}

/* Delete an element with matching score/element from the skiplist.
 * The function returns 1 if the node was found and deleted, otherwise
 * 0 is returned.
 *
 * If 'node' is NULL the deleted node is freed by zslFreeNode(), otherwise
 * it is not freed (but just unlinked) and *node is set to the node pointer,
 * so that it is possible for the caller to reuse the node (including the
 * referenced SDS string at node->ele). */
int zslDelete(zskiplist *zsl, double score, sds ele, zskiplistNode **node) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    int i;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
                (x->level[i].forward->score < score ||
                    (x->level[i].forward->score == score &&
                     sdscmp(x->level[i].forward->ele,ele) < 0)))
        {
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }
    /* We may have multiple elements with the same score, what we need
     * is to find the element with both the right score and object. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;
    if (x && score == x->score && sdscmp(x->ele,ele) == 0) {
        zslDeleteNode(zsl, x, update);
        if (!node)
            zslFreeNode(x);
        else
            *node = x;
        return 1;
    }
    return 0; /* not found */
}

/* Update the score of an element inside the sorted set skiplist.
 * Note that the element must exist and must match 'score'.
 * This function does not update the score in the hash table side, the
 * caller should take care of it.
 *
 * Note that this function attempts to just update the node, in case after
 * the score update, the node would be exactly at the same position.
 * Otherwise the skiplist is modified by removing and re-adding a new
 * element, which is more costly.
 *
 * The function returns the updated element skiplist node pointer. */
zskiplistNode *zslUpdateScore(zskiplist *zsl, double curscore, sds ele, double newscore) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    int i;

    /* We need to seek to element to update to start: this is useful anyway,
     * we'll have to update or remove it. */
    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
                (x->level[i].forward->score < curscore ||
                    (x->level[i].forward->score == curscore &&
                     sdscmp(x->level[i].forward->ele,ele) < 0)))
        {
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }

    /* Jump to our element: note that this function assumes that the
     * element with the matching score exists. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;
    serverAssert(x && curscore == x->score && sdscmp(x->ele,ele) == 0);

    /* If the node, after the score update, would be still exactly
     * at the same position, we can just update the score without
     * actually removing and re-inserting the element in the skiplist. */
    if ((x->backward == NULL || x->backward->score < newscore) &&
        (x->level[0].forward == NULL || x->level[0].forward->score > newscore))
    {
        x->score = newscore;
        return x;
    }

    /* No way to reuse the old node: we need to remove and insert a new
     * one at a different place. */
    zslDeleteNode(zsl, x, update);
    zskiplistNode *newnode = zslInsert(zsl,newscore,x->ele);
    /* We reused the old node x->ele SDS string, free the node now
     * since zslInsert created a new one. */
    x->ele = NULL;
    zslFreeNode(x);
    return newnode;
}

int zslValueGteMin(double value, zrangespec *spec) {
    return spec->minex ? (value > spec->min) : (value >= spec->min);
}

int zslValueLteMax(double value, zrangespec *spec) {
    return spec->maxex ? (value < spec->max) : (value <= spec->max);
}

/* Returns if there is a part of the zset is in range. */
int zslIsInRange(zskiplist *zsl, zrangespec *range) {
    zskiplistNode *x;

    /* Test for ranges that will always be empty. */
    if (range->min > range->max ||
            (range->min == range->max && (range->minex || range->maxex)))
        return 0;
    x = zsl->tail;
    if (x == NULL || !zslValueGteMin(x->score,range))
        return 0;
    x = zsl->header->level[0].forward;
    if (x == NULL || !zslValueLteMax(x->score,range))
        return 0;
    return 1;
}

/* Find the first node that is contained in the specified range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
zskiplistNode *zslFirstInRange(zskiplist *zsl, zrangespec *range) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    int i;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zslIsInRange(zsl,range)) return NULL;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        /* Go forward while *OUT* of range. */
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
            !zslValueGteMin(x->level[i].forward->score,range))
                x = x->level[i].forward;
    }

    /* This is an inner range, so the next node cannot be NULL. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;
    serverAssert(x != NULL);

    /* Check if score <= max. */
    if (!zslValueLteMax(x->score,range)) return NULL;
    return x;
}

/* Find the last node that is contained in the specified range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
zskiplistNode *zslLastInRange(zskiplist *zsl, zrangespec *range) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    int i;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zslIsInRange(zsl,range)) return NULL;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        /* Go forward while *IN* range. */
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
            zslValueLteMax(x->level[i].forward->score,range))
                x = x->level[i].forward;
    }

    /* This is an inner range, so this node cannot be NULL. */
    serverAssert(x != NULL);

    /* Check if score >= min. */
    if (!zslValueGteMin(x->score,range)) return NULL;
    return x;
}

/* Delete all the elements with score between min and max from the skiplist.
 * Both min and max can be inclusive or exclusive (see range->minex and
 * range->maxex). When inclusive a score >= min && score <= max is deleted.
 * Note that this function takes the reference to the hash table view of the
 * sorted set, in order to remove the elements from the hash table too. */
unsigned long zslDeleteRangeByScore(zskiplist *zsl, zrangespec *range, dict *dict) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned long removed = 0;
    int i;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
            !zslValueGteMin(x->level[i].forward->score, range))
                x = x->level[i].forward;
        update[i] = x;
    }

    /* Current node is the last with score < or <= min. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;

    /* Delete nodes while in range. */
    while (x && zslValueLteMax(x->score, range)) {
        zskiplistNode *next = x->level[0].forward;
        zslDeleteNode(zsl,x,update);
        dictDelete(dict,x->ele);
        zslFreeNode(x); /* Here is where x->ele is actually released. */
        removed++;
        x = next;
    }
    return removed;
}

unsigned long zslDeleteRangeByLex(zskiplist *zsl, zlexrangespec *range, dict *dict) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned long removed = 0;
    int i;


    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
            !zslLexValueGteMin(x->level[i].forward->ele,range))
                x = x->level[i].forward;
        update[i] = x;
    }

    /* Current node is the last with score < or <= min. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;

    /* Delete nodes while in range. */
    while (x && zslLexValueLteMax(x->ele,range)) {
        zskiplistNode *next = x->level[0].forward;
        zslDeleteNode(zsl,x,update);
        dictDelete(dict,x->ele);
        zslFreeNode(x); /* Here is where x->ele is actually released. */
        removed++;
        x = next;
    }
    return removed;
}

/* Delete all the elements with rank between start and end from the skiplist.
 * Start and end are inclusive. Note that start and end need to be 1-based */
unsigned long zslDeleteRangeByRank(zskiplist *zsl, unsigned int start, unsigned int end, dict *dict) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned long traversed = 0, removed = 0;
    int i;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward && (traversed + x->level[i].span) < start) {
            traversed += x->level[i].span;
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }

    traversed++;
    x = x->level[0].forward;
    while (x && traversed <= end) {
        zskiplistNode *next = x->level[0].forward;
        zslDeleteNode(zsl,x,update);
        dictDelete(dict,x->ele);
        zslFreeNode(x);
        removed++;
        traversed++;
        x = next;
    }
    return removed;
}

/* Find the rank for an element by both score and key.
 * Returns 0 when the element cannot be found, rank otherwise.
 * Note that the rank is 1-based due to the span of zsl->header to the
 * first element. */
unsigned long zslGetRank(zskiplist *zsl, double score, sds ele) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    unsigned long rank = 0;
    int i;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
            (x->level[i].forward->score < score ||
                (x->level[i].forward->score == score &&
                sdscmp(x->level[i].forward->ele,ele) <= 0))) {
            rank += x->level[i].span;
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }

        /* x might be equal to zsl->header, so test if obj is non-NULL */
        if (x->ele && sdscmp(x->ele,ele) == 0) {
            return rank;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

/* Finds an element by its rank. The rank argument needs to be 1-based. */
zskiplistNode* zslGetElementByRank(zskiplist *zsl, unsigned long rank) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    unsigned long traversed = 0;
    int i;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward && (traversed + x->level[i].span) <= rank)
        {
            traversed += x->level[i].span;
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        if (traversed == rank) {
            return x;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

/* Populate the rangespec according to the objects min and max. */
static int zslParseRange(robj *min, robj *max, zrangespec *spec) {
    char *eptr;
    spec->minex = spec->maxex = 0;

    /* Parse the min-max interval. If one of the values is prefixed
     * by the "(" character, it's considered "open". For instance
     * ZRANGEBYSCORE zset (1.5 (2.5 will match min < x < max
     * ZRANGEBYSCORE zset 1.5 2.5 will instead match min <= x <= max */
    if (min->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INT) {
        spec->min = (long)min->ptr;
    } else {
        if (((char*)min->ptr)[0] == '(') {
            spec->min = strtod((char*)min->ptr+1,&eptr);
            if (eptr[0] != '\0' || isnan(spec->min)) return C_ERR;
            spec->minex = 1;
        } else {
            spec->min = strtod((char*)min->ptr,&eptr);
            if (eptr[0] != '\0' || isnan(spec->min)) return C_ERR;
        }
    }
    if (max->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INT) {
        spec->max = (long)max->ptr;
    } else {
        if (((char*)max->ptr)[0] == '(') {
            spec->max = strtod((char*)max->ptr+1,&eptr);
            if (eptr[0] != '\0' || isnan(spec->max)) return C_ERR;
            spec->maxex = 1;
        } else {
            spec->max = strtod((char*)max->ptr,&eptr);
            if (eptr[0] != '\0' || isnan(spec->max)) return C_ERR;
        }
    }

    return C_OK;
}

/* ------------------------ Lexicographic ranges ---------------------------- */

/* Parse max or min argument of ZRANGEBYLEX.
  * (foo means foo (open interval)
  * [foo means foo (closed interval)
  * - means the min string possible
  * + means the max string possible
  *
  * If the string is valid the *dest pointer is set to the redis object
  * that will be used for the comparison, and ex will be set to 0 or 1
  * respectively if the item is exclusive or inclusive. C_OK will be
  * returned.
  *
  * If the string is not a valid range C_ERR is returned, and the value
  * of *dest and *ex is undefined. */
int zslParseLexRangeItem(robj *item, sds *dest, int *ex) {
    char *c = item->ptr;

    switch(c[0]) {
    case '+':
        if (c[1] != '\0') return C_ERR;
        *ex = 1;
        *dest = shared.maxstring;
        return C_OK;
    case '-':
        if (c[1] != '\0') return C_ERR;
        *ex = 1;
        *dest = shared.minstring;
        return C_OK;
    case '(':
        *ex = 1;
        *dest = sdsnewlen(c+1,sdslen(c)-1);
        return C_OK;
    case '[':
        *ex = 0;
        *dest = sdsnewlen(c+1,sdslen(c)-1);
        return C_OK;
    default:
        return C_ERR;
    }
}

/* Free a lex range structure, must be called only after zslParseLexRange()
 * populated the structure with success (C_OK returned). */
void zslFreeLexRange(zlexrangespec *spec) {
    if (spec->min != shared.minstring &&
        spec->min != shared.maxstring) sdsfree(spec->min);
    if (spec->max != shared.minstring &&
        spec->max != shared.maxstring) sdsfree(spec->max);
}

/* Populate the lex rangespec according to the objects min and max.
 *
 * Return C_OK on success. On error C_ERR is returned.
 * When OK is returned the structure must be freed with zslFreeLexRange(),
 * otherwise no release is needed. */
int zslParseLexRange(robj *min, robj *max, zlexrangespec *spec) {
    /* The range can't be valid if objects are integer encoded.
     * Every item must start with ( or [. */
    if (min->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INT ||
        max->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INT) return C_ERR;

    spec->min = spec->max = NULL;
    if (zslParseLexRangeItem(min, &spec->min, &spec->minex) == C_ERR ||
        zslParseLexRangeItem(max, &spec->max, &spec->maxex) == C_ERR) {
        zslFreeLexRange(spec);
        return C_ERR;
    } else {
        return C_OK;
    }
}

/* This is just a wrapper to sdscmp() that is able to
 * handle shared.minstring and shared.maxstring as the equivalent of
 * -inf and +inf for strings */
int sdscmplex(sds a, sds b) {
    if (a == b) return 0;
    if (a == shared.minstring || b == shared.maxstring) return -1;
    if (a == shared.maxstring || b == shared.minstring) return 1;
    return sdscmp(a,b);
}

int zslLexValueGteMin(sds value, zlexrangespec *spec) {
    return spec->minex ?
        (sdscmplex(value,spec->min) > 0) :
        (sdscmplex(value,spec->min) >= 0);
}

int zslLexValueLteMax(sds value, zlexrangespec *spec) {
    return spec->maxex ?
        (sdscmplex(value,spec->max) < 0) :
        (sdscmplex(value,spec->max) <= 0);
}

/* Returns if there is a part of the zset is in the lex range. */
int zslIsInLexRange(zskiplist *zsl, zlexrangespec *range) {
    zskiplistNode *x;

    /* Test for ranges that will always be empty. */
    int cmp = sdscmplex(range->min,range->max);
    if (cmp > 0 || (cmp == 0 && (range->minex || range->maxex)))
        return 0;
    x = zsl->tail;
    if (x == NULL || !zslLexValueGteMin(x->ele,range))
        return 0;
    x = zsl->header->level[0].forward;
    if (x == NULL || !zslLexValueLteMax(x->ele,range))
        return 0;
    return 1;
}

/* Find the first node that is contained in the specified lex range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
zskiplistNode *zslFirstInLexRange(zskiplist *zsl, zlexrangespec *range) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    int i;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zslIsInLexRange(zsl,range)) return NULL;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        /* Go forward while *OUT* of range. */
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
            !zslLexValueGteMin(x->level[i].forward->ele,range))
                x = x->level[i].forward;
    }

    /* This is an inner range, so the next node cannot be NULL. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;
    serverAssert(x != NULL);

    /* Check if score <= max. */
    if (!zslLexValueLteMax(x->ele,range)) return NULL;
    return x;
}

/* Find the last node that is contained in the specified range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
zskiplistNode *zslLastInLexRange(zskiplist *zsl, zlexrangespec *range) {
    zskiplistNode *x;
    int i;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zslIsInLexRange(zsl,range)) return NULL;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        /* Go forward while *IN* range. */
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
            zslLexValueLteMax(x->level[i].forward->ele,range))
                x = x->level[i].forward;
    }

    /* This is an inner range, so this node cannot be NULL. */
    serverAssert(x != NULL);

    /* Check if score >= min. */
    if (!zslLexValueGteMin(x->ele,range)) return NULL;
    return x;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Ziplist-backed sorted set API
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

double zzlStrtod(unsigned char *vstr, unsigned int vlen) {
    char buf[128];
    if (vlen > sizeof(buf))
        vlen = sizeof(buf);
    memcpy(buf,vstr,vlen);
    buf[vlen] = '\0';
    return strtod(buf,NULL);
 }

double zzlGetScore(unsigned char *sptr) {
    unsigned char *vstr;
    unsigned int vlen;
    long long vlong;
    double score;

    serverAssert(sptr != NULL);
    serverAssert(ziplistGet(sptr,&vstr,&vlen,&vlong));

    if (vstr) {
        score = zzlStrtod(vstr,vlen);
    } else {
        score = vlong;
    }

    return score;
}

/* Return a ziplist element as an SDS string. */
sds ziplistGetObject(unsigned char *sptr) {
    unsigned char *vstr;
    unsigned int vlen;
    long long vlong;

    serverAssert(sptr != NULL);
    serverAssert(ziplistGet(sptr,&vstr,&vlen,&vlong));

    if (vstr) {
        return sdsnewlen((char*)vstr,vlen);
    } else {
        return sdsfromlonglong(vlong);
    }
}

/* Compare element in sorted set with given element. */
int zzlCompareElements(unsigned char *eptr, unsigned char *cstr, unsigned int clen) {
    unsigned char *vstr;
    unsigned int vlen;
    long long vlong;
    unsigned char vbuf[32];
    int minlen, cmp;

    serverAssert(ziplistGet(eptr,&vstr,&vlen,&vlong));
    if (vstr == NULL) {
        /* Store string representation of long long in buf. */
        vlen = ll2string((char*)vbuf,sizeof(vbuf),vlong);
        vstr = vbuf;
    }

    minlen = (vlen < clen) ? vlen : clen;
    cmp = memcmp(vstr,cstr,minlen);
    if (cmp == 0) return vlen-clen;
    return cmp;
}

unsigned int zzlLength(unsigned char *zl) {
    return ziplistLen(zl)/2;
}

/* Move to next entry based on the values in eptr and sptr. Both are set to
 * NULL when there is no next entry. */
void zzlNext(unsigned char *zl, unsigned char **eptr, unsigned char **sptr) {
    unsigned char *_eptr, *_sptr;
    serverAssert(*eptr != NULL && *sptr != NULL);

    _eptr = ziplistNext(zl,*sptr);
    if (_eptr != NULL) {
        _sptr = ziplistNext(zl,_eptr);
        serverAssert(_sptr != NULL);
    } else {
        /* No next entry. */
        _sptr = NULL;
    }

    *eptr = _eptr;
    *sptr = _sptr;
}

/* Move to the previous entry based on the values in eptr and sptr. Both are
 * set to NULL when there is no prev entry. */
void zzlPrev(unsigned char *zl, unsigned char **eptr, unsigned char **sptr) {
    unsigned char *_eptr, *_sptr;
    serverAssert(*eptr != NULL && *sptr != NULL);

    _sptr = ziplistPrev(zl,*eptr);
    if (_sptr != NULL) {
        _eptr = ziplistPrev(zl,_sptr);
        serverAssert(_eptr != NULL);
    } else {
        /* No previous entry. */
        _eptr = NULL;
    }

    *eptr = _eptr;
    *sptr = _sptr;
}

/* Returns if there is a part of the zset is in range. Should only be used
 * internally by zzlFirstInRange and zzlLastInRange. */
int zzlIsInRange(unsigned char *zl, zrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *p;
    double score;

    /* Test for ranges that will always be empty. */
    if (range->min > range->max ||
            (range->min == range->max && (range->minex || range->maxex)))
        return 0;

    p = ziplistIndex(zl,-1); /* Last score. */
    if (p == NULL) return 0; /* Empty sorted set */
    score = zzlGetScore(p);
    if (!zslValueGteMin(score,range))
        return 0;

    p = ziplistIndex(zl,1); /* First score. */
    serverAssert(p != NULL);
    score = zzlGetScore(p);
    if (!zslValueLteMax(score,range))
        return 0;

    return 1;
}

/* Find pointer to the first element contained in the specified range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
unsigned char *zzlFirstInRange(unsigned char *zl, zrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,0), *sptr;
    double score;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zzlIsInRange(zl,range)) return NULL;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);

        score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        if (zslValueGteMin(score,range)) {
            /* Check if score <= max. */
            if (zslValueLteMax(score,range))
                return eptr;
            return NULL;
        }

        /* Move to next element. */
        eptr = ziplistNext(zl,sptr);
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* Find pointer to the last element contained in the specified range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
unsigned char *zzlLastInRange(unsigned char *zl, zrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,-2), *sptr;
    double score;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zzlIsInRange(zl,range)) return NULL;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);

        score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        if (zslValueLteMax(score,range)) {
            /* Check if score >= min. */
            if (zslValueGteMin(score,range))
                return eptr;
            return NULL;
        }

        /* Move to previous element by moving to the score of previous element.
         * When this returns NULL, we know there also is no element. */
        sptr = ziplistPrev(zl,eptr);
        if (sptr != NULL)
            serverAssert((eptr = ziplistPrev(zl,sptr)) != NULL);
        else
            eptr = NULL;
    }

    return NULL;
}

int zzlLexValueGteMin(unsigned char *p, zlexrangespec *spec) {
    sds value = ziplistGetObject(p);
    int res = zslLexValueGteMin(value,spec);
    sdsfree(value);
    return res;
}

int zzlLexValueLteMax(unsigned char *p, zlexrangespec *spec) {
    sds value = ziplistGetObject(p);
    int res = zslLexValueLteMax(value,spec);
    sdsfree(value);
    return res;
}

/* Returns if there is a part of the zset is in range. Should only be used
 * internally by zzlFirstInRange and zzlLastInRange. */
int zzlIsInLexRange(unsigned char *zl, zlexrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *p;

    /* Test for ranges that will always be empty. */
    int cmp = sdscmplex(range->min,range->max);
    if (cmp > 0 || (cmp == 0 && (range->minex || range->maxex)))
        return 0;

    p = ziplistIndex(zl,-2); /* Last element. */
    if (p == NULL) return 0;
    if (!zzlLexValueGteMin(p,range))
        return 0;

    p = ziplistIndex(zl,0); /* First element. */
    serverAssert(p != NULL);
    if (!zzlLexValueLteMax(p,range))
        return 0;

    return 1;
}

/* Find pointer to the first element contained in the specified lex range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
unsigned char *zzlFirstInLexRange(unsigned char *zl, zlexrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,0), *sptr;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zzlIsInLexRange(zl,range)) return NULL;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        if (zzlLexValueGteMin(eptr,range)) {
            /* Check if score <= max. */
            if (zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,range))
                return eptr;
            return NULL;
        }

        /* Move to next element. */
        sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr); /* This element score. Skip it. */
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);
        eptr = ziplistNext(zl,sptr); /* Next element. */
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* Find pointer to the last element contained in the specified lex range.
 * Returns NULL when no element is contained in the range. */
unsigned char *zzlLastInLexRange(unsigned char *zl, zlexrangespec *range) {
    unsigned char *eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,-2), *sptr;

    /* If everything is out of range, return early. */
    if (!zzlIsInLexRange(zl,range)) return NULL;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        if (zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,range)) {
            /* Check if score >= min. */
            if (zzlLexValueGteMin(eptr,range))
                return eptr;
            return NULL;
        }

        /* Move to previous element by moving to the score of previous element.
         * When this returns NULL, we know there also is no element. */
        sptr = ziplistPrev(zl,eptr);
        if (sptr != NULL)
            serverAssert((eptr = ziplistPrev(zl,sptr)) != NULL);
        else
            eptr = NULL;
    }

    return NULL;
}

unsigned char *zzlFind(unsigned char *zl, sds ele, double *score) {
    unsigned char *eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,0), *sptr;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);

        if (ziplistCompare(eptr,(unsigned char*)ele,sdslen(ele))) {
            /* Matching element, pull out score. */
            if (score != NULL) *score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
            return eptr;
        }

        /* Move to next element. */
        eptr = ziplistNext(zl,sptr);
    }
    return NULL;
}

/* Delete (element,score) pair from ziplist. Use local copy of eptr because we
 * don't want to modify the one given as argument. */
unsigned char *zzlDelete(unsigned char *zl, unsigned char *eptr) {
    unsigned char *p = eptr;

    /* TODO: add function to ziplist API to delete N elements from offset. */
    zl = ziplistDelete(zl,&p);
    zl = ziplistDelete(zl,&p);
    return zl;
}

unsigned char *zzlInsertAt(unsigned char *zl, unsigned char *eptr, sds ele, double score) {
    unsigned char *sptr;
    char scorebuf[128];
    int scorelen;
    size_t offset;

    scorelen = d2string(scorebuf,sizeof(scorebuf),score);
    if (eptr == NULL) {
        zl = ziplistPush(zl,(unsigned char*)ele,sdslen(ele),ZIPLIST_TAIL);
        zl = ziplistPush(zl,(unsigned char*)scorebuf,scorelen,ZIPLIST_TAIL);
    } else {
        /* Keep offset relative to zl, as it might be re-allocated. */
        offset = eptr-zl;
        zl = ziplistInsert(zl,eptr,(unsigned char*)ele,sdslen(ele));
        eptr = zl+offset;

        /* Insert score after the element. */
        serverAssert((sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr)) != NULL);
        zl = ziplistInsert(zl,sptr,(unsigned char*)scorebuf,scorelen);
    }
    return zl;
}

/* Insert (element,score) pair in ziplist. This function assumes the element is
 * not yet present in the list. */
unsigned char *zzlInsert(unsigned char *zl, sds ele, double score) {
    unsigned char *eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,0), *sptr;
    double s;

    while (eptr != NULL) {
        sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);
        s = zzlGetScore(sptr);

        if (s > score) {
            /* First element with score larger than score for element to be
             * inserted. This means we should take its spot in the list to
             * maintain ordering. */
            zl = zzlInsertAt(zl,eptr,ele,score);
            break;
        } else if (s == score) {
            /* Ensure lexicographical ordering for elements. */
            if (zzlCompareElements(eptr,(unsigned char*)ele,sdslen(ele)) > 0) {
                zl = zzlInsertAt(zl,eptr,ele,score);
                break;
            }
        }

        /* Move to next element. */
        eptr = ziplistNext(zl,sptr);
    }

    /* Push on tail of list when it was not yet inserted. */
    if (eptr == NULL)
        zl = zzlInsertAt(zl,NULL,ele,score);
    return zl;
}

unsigned char *zzlDeleteRangeByScore(unsigned char *zl, zrangespec *range, unsigned long *deleted) {
    unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
    double score;
    unsigned long num = 0;

    if (deleted != NULL) *deleted = 0;

    eptr = zzlFirstInRange(zl,range);
    if (eptr == NULL) return zl;

    /* When the tail of the ziplist is deleted, eptr will point to the sentinel
     * byte and ziplistNext will return NULL. */
    while ((sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr)) != NULL) {
        score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        if (zslValueLteMax(score,range)) {
            /* Delete both the element and the score. */
            zl = ziplistDelete(zl,&eptr);
            zl = ziplistDelete(zl,&eptr);
            num++;
        } else {
            /* No longer in range. */
            break;
        }
    }

    if (deleted != NULL) *deleted = num;
    return zl;
}

unsigned char *zzlDeleteRangeByLex(unsigned char *zl, zlexrangespec *range, unsigned long *deleted) {
    unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
    unsigned long num = 0;

    if (deleted != NULL) *deleted = 0;

    eptr = zzlFirstInLexRange(zl,range);
    if (eptr == NULL) return zl;

    /* When the tail of the ziplist is deleted, eptr will point to the sentinel
     * byte and ziplistNext will return NULL. */
    while ((sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr)) != NULL) {
        if (zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,range)) {
            /* Delete both the element and the score. */
            zl = ziplistDelete(zl,&eptr);
            zl = ziplistDelete(zl,&eptr);
            num++;
        } else {
            /* No longer in range. */
            break;
        }
    }

    if (deleted != NULL) *deleted = num;
    return zl;
}

/* Delete all the elements with rank between start and end from the skiplist.
 * Start and end are inclusive. Note that start and end need to be 1-based */
unsigned char *zzlDeleteRangeByRank(unsigned char *zl, unsigned int start, unsigned int end, unsigned long *deleted) {
    unsigned int num = (end-start)+1;
    if (deleted) *deleted = num;
    zl = ziplistDeleteRange(zl,2*(start-1),2*num);
    return zl;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Common sorted set API
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

unsigned long zsetLength(const robj *zobj) {
    unsigned long length = 0;
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        length = zzlLength(zobj->ptr);
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        length = ((const zset*)zobj->ptr)->zsl->length;
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return length;
}

void zsetConvert(robj *zobj, int encoding) {
    zset *zs;
    zskiplistNode *node, *next;
    sds ele;
    double score;

    if (zobj->encoding == encoding) return;
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
        unsigned char *vstr;
        unsigned int vlen;
        long long vlong;

        if (encoding != OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST)
            serverPanic("Unknown target encoding");

        zs = zmalloc(sizeof(*zs));
        zs->dict = dictCreate(&zsetDictType,NULL);
        zs->zsl = zslCreate();

        eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,0);
        serverAssertWithInfo(NULL,zobj,eptr != NULL);
        sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssertWithInfo(NULL,zobj,sptr != NULL);

        while (eptr != NULL) {
            score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
            serverAssertWithInfo(NULL,zobj,ziplistGet(eptr,&vstr,&vlen,&vlong));
            if (vstr == NULL)
                ele = sdsfromlonglong(vlong);
            else
                ele = sdsnewlen((char*)vstr,vlen);

            node = zslInsert(zs->zsl,score,ele);
            serverAssert(dictAdd(zs->dict,ele,&node->score) == DICT_OK);
            zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
        }

        zfree(zobj->ptr);
        zobj->ptr = zs;
        zobj->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST;
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *zl = ziplistNew();

        if (encoding != OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST)
            serverPanic("Unknown target encoding");

        /* Approach similar to zslFree(), since we want to free the skiplist at
         * the same time as creating the ziplist. */
        zs = zobj->ptr;
        dictRelease(zs->dict);
        node = zs->zsl->header->level[0].forward;
        zfree(zs->zsl->header);
        zfree(zs->zsl);

        while (node) {
            zl = zzlInsertAt(zl,NULL,node->ele,node->score);
            next = node->level[0].forward;
            zslFreeNode(node);
            node = next;
        }

        zfree(zs);
        zobj->ptr = zl;
        zobj->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST;
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
}

/* Convert the sorted set object into a ziplist if it is not already a ziplist
 * and if the number of elements and the maximum element size is within the
 * expected ranges. */
void zsetConvertToZiplistIfNeeded(robj *zobj, size_t maxelelen) {
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) return;
    zset *zset = zobj->ptr;

    if (zset->zsl->length <= server.zset_max_ziplist_entries &&
        maxelelen <= server.zset_max_ziplist_value)
            zsetConvert(zobj,OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST);
}

/* Return (by reference) the score of the specified member of the sorted set
 * storing it into *score. If the element does not exist C_ERR is returned
 * otherwise C_OK is returned and *score is correctly populated.
 * If 'zobj' or 'member' is NULL, C_ERR is returned. */
int zsetScore(robj *zobj, sds member, double *score) {
    if (!zobj || !member) return C_ERR;

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        if (zzlFind(zobj->ptr, member, score) == NULL) return C_ERR;
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        dictEntry *de = dictFind(zs->dict, member);
        if (de == NULL) return C_ERR;
        *score = *(double*)dictGetVal(de);
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return C_OK;
}

/* Add a new element or update the score of an existing element in a sorted
 * set, regardless of its encoding.
 *
 * The set of flags change the command behavior. 
 *
 * The input flags are the following:
 *
 * ZADD_INCR: Increment the current element score by 'score' instead of updating
 *            the current element score. If the element does not exist, we
 *            assume 0 as previous score.
 * ZADD_NX:   Perform the operation only if the element does not exist.
 * ZADD_XX:   Perform the operation only if the element already exist.
 * ZADD_GT:   Perform the operation on existing elements only if the new score is 
 *            greater than the current score.
 * ZADD_LT:   Perform the operation on existing elements only if the new score is 
 *            less than the current score.
 *
 * When ZADD_INCR is used, the new score of the element is stored in
 * '*newscore' if 'newscore' is not NULL.
 *
 * The returned flags are the following:
 *
 * ZADD_NAN:     The resulting score is not a number.
 * ZADD_ADDED:   The element was added (not present before the call).
 * ZADD_UPDATED: The element score was updated.
 * ZADD_NOP:     No operation was performed because of NX or XX.
 *
 * Return value:
 *
 * The function returns 1 on success, and sets the appropriate flags
 * ADDED or UPDATED to signal what happened during the operation (note that
 * none could be set if we re-added an element using the same score it used
 * to have, or in the case a zero increment is used).
 *
 * The function returns 0 on error, currently only when the increment
 * produces a NAN condition, or when the 'score' value is NAN since the
 * start.
 *
 * The command as a side effect of adding a new element may convert the sorted
 * set internal encoding from ziplist to hashtable+skiplist.
 *
 * Memory management of 'ele':
 *
 * The function does not take ownership of the 'ele' SDS string, but copies
 * it if needed. */
int zsetAdd(robj *zobj, double score, sds ele, int in_flags, int *out_flags, double *newscore) {
    /* Turn options into simple to check vars. */
    int incr = (in_flags & ZADD_IN_INCR) != 0;
    int nx = (in_flags & ZADD_IN_NX) != 0;
    int xx = (in_flags & ZADD_IN_XX) != 0;
    int gt = (in_flags & ZADD_IN_GT) != 0;
    int lt = (in_flags & ZADD_IN_LT) != 0;
    *out_flags = 0; /* We'll return our response flags. */
    double curscore;

    /* NaN as input is an error regardless of all the other parameters. */
    if (isnan(score)) {
        *out_flags = ZADD_OUT_NAN;
        return 0;
    }

    /* Update the sorted set according to its encoding. */
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *eptr;

        if ((eptr = zzlFind(zobj->ptr,ele,&curscore)) != NULL) {
            /* NX? Return, same element already exists. */
            if (nx) {
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
                return 1;
            }

            /* Prepare the score for the increment if needed. */
            if (incr) {
                score += curscore;
                if (isnan(score)) {
                    *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NAN;
                    return 0;
                }
            }

            /* GT/LT? Only update if score is greater/less than current. */
            if ((lt && score >= curscore) || (gt && score <= curscore)) {
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
                return 1;
            }

            if (newscore) *newscore = score;

            /* Remove and re-insert when score changed. */
            if (score != curscore) {
                zobj->ptr = zzlDelete(zobj->ptr,eptr);
                zobj->ptr = zzlInsert(zobj->ptr,ele,score);
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_UPDATED;
            }
            return 1;
        } else if (!xx) {
            /* Optimize: check if the element is too large or the list
             * becomes too long *before* executing zzlInsert. */
            zobj->ptr = zzlInsert(zobj->ptr,ele,score);
            if (zzlLength(zobj->ptr) > server.zset_max_ziplist_entries ||
                sdslen(ele) > server.zset_max_ziplist_value)
                zsetConvert(zobj,OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST);
            if (newscore) *newscore = score;
            *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_ADDED;
            return 1;
        } else {
            *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
            return 1;
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplistNode *znode;
        dictEntry *de;

        de = dictFind(zs->dict,ele);
        if (de != NULL) {
            /* NX? Return, same element already exists. */
            if (nx) {
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
                return 1;
            }

            curscore = *(double*)dictGetVal(de);

            /* Prepare the score for the increment if needed. */
            if (incr) {
                score += curscore;
                if (isnan(score)) {
                    *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NAN;
                    return 0;
                }
            }

            /* GT/LT? Only update if score is greater/less than current. */
            if ((lt && score >= curscore) || (gt && score <= curscore)) {
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
                return 1;
            }

            if (newscore) *newscore = score;

            /* Remove and re-insert when score changes. */
            if (score != curscore) {
                znode = zslUpdateScore(zs->zsl,curscore,ele,score);
                /* Note that we did not removed the original element from
                 * the hash table representing the sorted set, so we just
                 * update the score. */
                dictGetVal(de) = &znode->score; /* Update score ptr. */
                *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_UPDATED;
            }
            return 1;
        } else if (!xx) {
            ele = sdsdup(ele);
            znode = zslInsert(zs->zsl,score,ele);
            serverAssert(dictAdd(zs->dict,ele,&znode->score) == DICT_OK);
            *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_ADDED;
            if (newscore) *newscore = score;
            return 1;
        } else {
            *out_flags |= ZADD_OUT_NOP;
            return 1;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return 0; /* Never reached. */
}

/* Deletes the element 'ele' from the sorted set encoded as a skiplist+dict,
 * returning 1 if the element existed and was deleted, 0 otherwise (the
 * element was not there). It does not resize the dict after deleting the
 * element. */
static int zsetRemoveFromSkiplist(zset *zs, sds ele) {
    dictEntry *de;
    double score;

    de = dictUnlink(zs->dict,ele);
    if (de != NULL) {
        /* Get the score in order to delete from the skiplist later. */
        score = *(double*)dictGetVal(de);

        /* Delete from the hash table and later from the skiplist.
         * Note that the order is important: deleting from the skiplist
         * actually releases the SDS string representing the element,
         * which is shared between the skiplist and the hash table, so
         * we need to delete from the skiplist as the final step. */
        dictFreeUnlinkedEntry(zs->dict,de);

        /* Delete from skiplist. */
        int retval = zslDelete(zs->zsl,score,ele,NULL);
        serverAssert(retval);

        return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Delete the element 'ele' from the sorted set, returning 1 if the element
 * existed and was deleted, 0 otherwise (the element was not there). */
int zsetDel(robj *zobj, sds ele) {
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *eptr;

        if ((eptr = zzlFind(zobj->ptr,ele,NULL)) != NULL) {
            zobj->ptr = zzlDelete(zobj->ptr,eptr);
            return 1;
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        if (zsetRemoveFromSkiplist(zs, ele)) {
            if (htNeedsResize(zs->dict)) dictResize(zs->dict);
            return 1;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return 0; /* No such element found. */
}

/* Given a sorted set object returns the 0-based rank of the object or
 * -1 if the object does not exist.
 *
 * For rank we mean the position of the element in the sorted collection
 * of elements. So the first element has rank 0, the second rank 1, and so
 * forth up to length-1 elements.
 *
 * If 'reverse' is false, the rank is returned considering as first element
 * the one with the lowest score. Otherwise if 'reverse' is non-zero
 * the rank is computed considering as element with rank 0 the one with
 * the highest score. */
long zsetRank(robj *zobj, sds ele, int reverse) {
    unsigned long llen;
    unsigned long rank;

    llen = zsetLength(zobj);

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;

        eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,0);
        serverAssert(eptr != NULL);
        sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssert(sptr != NULL);

        rank = 1;
        while(eptr != NULL) {
            if (ziplistCompare(eptr,(unsigned char*)ele,sdslen(ele)))
                break;
            rank++;
            zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
        }

        if (eptr != NULL) {
            if (reverse)
                return llen-rank;
            else
                return rank-1;
        } else {
            return -1;
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        dictEntry *de;
        double score;

        de = dictFind(zs->dict,ele);
        if (de != NULL) {
            score = *(double*)dictGetVal(de);
            rank = zslGetRank(zsl,score,ele);
            /* Existing elements always have a rank. */
            serverAssert(rank != 0);
            if (reverse)
                return llen-rank;
            else
                return rank-1;
        } else {
            return -1;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
}

/* This is a helper function for the COPY command.
 * Duplicate a sorted set object, with the guarantee that the returned object
 * has the same encoding as the original one.
 *
 * The resulting object always has refcount set to 1 */
robj *zsetDup(robj *o) {
    robj *zobj;
    zset *zs;
    zset *new_zs;

    serverAssert(o->type == OBJ_ZSET);

    /* Create a new sorted set object that have the same encoding as the original object's encoding */
    if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *zl = o->ptr;
        size_t sz = ziplistBlobLen(zl);
        unsigned char *new_zl = zmalloc(sz);
        memcpy(new_zl, zl, sz);
        zobj = createObject(OBJ_ZSET, new_zl);
        zobj->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST;
    } else if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zobj = createZsetObject();
        zs = o->ptr;
        new_zs = zobj->ptr;
        dictExpand(new_zs->dict,dictSize(zs->dict));
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *ln;
        sds ele;
        long llen = zsetLength(o);

        /* We copy the skiplist elements from the greatest to the
         * smallest (that's trivial since the elements are already ordered in
         * the skiplist): this improves the load process, since the next loaded
         * element will always be the smaller, so adding to the skiplist
         * will always immediately stop at the head, making the insertion
         * O(1) instead of O(log(N)). */
        ln = zsl->tail;
        while (llen--) {
            ele = ln->ele;
            sds new_ele = sdsdup(ele);
            zskiplistNode *znode = zslInsert(new_zs->zsl,ln->score,new_ele);
            dictAdd(new_zs->dict,new_ele,&znode->score);
            ln = ln->backward;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }
    return zobj;
}

/* callback for to check the ziplist doesn't have duplicate records */
static int _zsetZiplistValidateIntegrity(unsigned char *p, void *userdata) {
    struct {
        long count;
        dict *fields;
    } *data = userdata;

    /* Even records are field names, add to dict and check that's not a dup */
    if (((data->count) & 1) == 0) {
        unsigned char *str;
        unsigned int slen;
        long long vll;
        if (!ziplistGet(p, &str, &slen, &vll))
            return 0;
        sds field = str? sdsnewlen(str, slen): sdsfromlonglong(vll);;
        if (dictAdd(data->fields, field, NULL) != DICT_OK) {
            /* Duplicate, return an error */
            sdsfree(field);
            return 0;
        }
    }

    (data->count)++;
    return 1;
}

/* Validate the integrity of the data structure.
 * when `deep` is 0, only the integrity of the header is validated.
 * when `deep` is 1, we scan all the entries one by one. */
int zsetZiplistValidateIntegrity(unsigned char *zl, size_t size, int deep) {
    if (!deep)
        return ziplistValidateIntegrity(zl, size, 0, NULL, NULL);

    /* Keep track of the field names to locate duplicate ones */
    struct {
        long count;
        dict *fields;
    } data = {0, dictCreate(&hashDictType, NULL)};

    int ret = ziplistValidateIntegrity(zl, size, 1, _zsetZiplistValidateIntegrity, &data);

    /* make sure we have an even number of records. */
    if (data.count & 1)
        ret = 0;

    dictRelease(data.fields);
    return ret;
}

/* Create a new sds string from the ziplist entry. */
sds zsetSdsFromZiplistEntry(ziplistEntry *e) {
    return e->sval ? sdsnewlen(e->sval, e->slen) : sdsfromlonglong(e->lval);
}

/* Reply with bulk string from the ziplist entry. */
void zsetReplyFromZiplistEntry(client *c, ziplistEntry *e) {
    if (e->sval)
        addReplyBulkCBuffer(c, e->sval, e->slen);
    else
        addReplyBulkLongLong(c, e->lval);
}


/* Return random element from a non empty zset.
 * 'key' and 'val' will be set to hold the element.
 * The memory in `key` is not to be freed or modified by the caller.
 * 'score' can be NULL in which case it's not extracted. */
void zsetTypeRandomElement(robj *zsetobj, unsigned long zsetsize, ziplistEntry *key, double *score) {
    if (zsetobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zsetobj->ptr;
        dictEntry *de = dictGetFairRandomKey(zs->dict);
        sds s = dictGetKey(de);
        key->sval = (unsigned char*)s;
        key->slen = sdslen(s);
        if (score)
            *score = *(double*)dictGetVal(de);
    } else if (zsetobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        ziplistEntry val;
        ziplistRandomPair(zsetobj->ptr, zsetsize, key, &val);
        if (score) {
            if (val.sval) {
                *score = zzlStrtod(val.sval,val.slen);
            } else {
                *score = (double)val.lval;
            }
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown zset encoding");
    }
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Sorted set commands
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* This generic command implements both ZADD and ZINCRBY. */
void zaddGenericCommand(client *c, int flags) {
    static char *nanerr = "resulting score is not a number (NaN)";
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *zobj;
    sds ele;
    double score = 0, *scores = NULL;
    int j, elements, ch = 0;
    int scoreidx = 0;
    /* The following vars are used in order to track what the command actually
     * did during the execution, to reply to the client and to trigger the
     * notification of keyspace change. */
    int added = 0;      /* Number of new elements added. */
    int updated = 0;    /* Number of elements with updated score. */
    int processed = 0;  /* Number of elements processed, may remain zero with
                           options like XX. */

    /* Parse options. At the end 'scoreidx' is set to the argument position
     * of the score of the first score-element pair. */
    scoreidx = 2;
    while(scoreidx < c->argc) {
        char *opt = c->argv[scoreidx]->ptr;
        if (!strcasecmp(opt,"nx")) flags |= ZADD_IN_NX;
        else if (!strcasecmp(opt,"xx")) flags |= ZADD_IN_XX;
        else if (!strcasecmp(opt,"ch")) ch = 1; /* Return num of elements added or updated. */
        else if (!strcasecmp(opt,"incr")) flags |= ZADD_IN_INCR;
        else if (!strcasecmp(opt,"gt")) flags |= ZADD_IN_GT;
        else if (!strcasecmp(opt,"lt")) flags |= ZADD_IN_LT;
        else break;
        scoreidx++;
    }

    /* Turn options into simple to check vars. */
    int incr = (flags & ZADD_IN_INCR) != 0;
    int nx = (flags & ZADD_IN_NX) != 0;
    int xx = (flags & ZADD_IN_XX) != 0;
    int gt = (flags & ZADD_IN_GT) != 0;
    int lt = (flags & ZADD_IN_LT) != 0;

    /* After the options, we expect to have an even number of args, since
     * we expect any number of score-element pairs. */
    elements = c->argc-scoreidx;
    if (elements % 2 || !elements) {
        addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
        return;
    }
    elements /= 2; /* Now this holds the number of score-element pairs. */

    /* Check for incompatible options. */
    if (nx && xx) {
        addReplyError(c,
            "XX and NX options at the same time are not compatible");
        return;
    }
    
    if ((gt && nx) || (lt && nx) || (gt && lt)) {
        addReplyError(c,
            "GT, LT, and/or NX options at the same time are not compatible");
        return;
    }
    /* Note that XX is compatible with either GT or LT */

    if (incr && elements > 1) {
        addReplyError(c,
            "INCR option supports a single increment-element pair");
        return;
    }

    /* Start parsing all the scores, we need to emit any syntax error
     * before executing additions to the sorted set, as the command should
     * either execute fully or nothing at all. */
    scores = zmalloc(sizeof(double)*elements);
    for (j = 0; j < elements; j++) {
        if (getDoubleFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[scoreidx+j*2],&scores[j],NULL)
            != C_OK) goto cleanup;
    }

    /* Lookup the key and create the sorted set if does not exist. */
    zobj = lookupKeyWrite(c->db,key);
    if (checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) goto cleanup;
    if (zobj == NULL) {
        if (xx) goto reply_to_client; /* No key + XX option: nothing to do. */
        if (server.zset_max_ziplist_entries == 0 ||
            server.zset_max_ziplist_value < sdslen(c->argv[scoreidx+1]->ptr))
        {
            zobj = createZsetObject();
        } else {
            zobj = createZsetZiplistObject();
        }
        dbAdd(c->db,key,zobj);
    }

    for (j = 0; j < elements; j++) {
        double newscore;
        score = scores[j];
        int retflags = 0;

        ele = c->argv[scoreidx+1+j*2]->ptr;
        int retval = zsetAdd(zobj, score, ele, flags, &retflags, &newscore);
        if (retval == 0) {
            addReplyError(c,nanerr);
            goto cleanup;
        }
        if (retflags & ZADD_OUT_ADDED) added++;
        if (retflags & ZADD_OUT_UPDATED) updated++;
        if (!(retflags & ZADD_OUT_NOP)) processed++;
        score = newscore;
    }
    server.dirty += (added+updated);

reply_to_client:
    if (incr) { /* ZINCRBY or INCR option. */
        if (processed)
            addReplyDouble(c,score);
        else
            addReplyNull(c);
    } else { /* ZADD. */
        addReplyLongLong(c,ch ? added+updated : added);
    }

cleanup:
    zfree(scores);
    if (added || updated) {
        signalModifiedKey(c,c->db,key);
        notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET,
            incr ? "zincr" : "zadd", key, c->db->id);
    }
}

void zaddCommand(client *c) {
    zaddGenericCommand(c,ZADD_IN_NONE);
}

void zincrbyCommand(client *c) {
    zaddGenericCommand(c,ZADD_IN_INCR);
}

void zremCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *zobj;
    int deleted = 0, keyremoved = 0, j;

    if ((zobj = lookupKeyWriteOrReply(c,key,shared.czero)) == NULL ||
        checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    for (j = 2; j < c->argc; j++) {
        if (zsetDel(zobj,c->argv[j]->ptr)) deleted++;
        if (zsetLength(zobj) == 0) {
            dbDelete(c->db,key);
            keyremoved = 1;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (deleted) {
        notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET,"zrem",key,c->db->id);
        if (keyremoved)
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_GENERIC,"del",key,c->db->id);
        signalModifiedKey(c,c->db,key);
        server.dirty += deleted;
    }
    addReplyLongLong(c,deleted);
}

typedef enum {
    ZRANGE_AUTO = 0,
    ZRANGE_RANK,
    ZRANGE_SCORE,
    ZRANGE_LEX,
} zrange_type;

/* Implements ZREMRANGEBYRANK, ZREMRANGEBYSCORE, ZREMRANGEBYLEX commands. */
void zremrangeGenericCommand(client *c, zrange_type rangetype) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *zobj;
    int keyremoved = 0;
    unsigned long deleted = 0;
    zrangespec range;
    zlexrangespec lexrange;
    long start, end, llen;
    char *notify_type = NULL;

    /* Step 1: Parse the range. */
    if (rangetype == ZRANGE_RANK) {
        notify_type = "zremrangebyrank";
        if ((getLongFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[2],&start,NULL) != C_OK) ||
            (getLongFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[3],&end,NULL) != C_OK))
            return;
    } else if (rangetype == ZRANGE_SCORE) {
        notify_type = "zremrangebyscore";
        if (zslParseRange(c->argv[2],c->argv[3],&range) != C_OK) {
            addReplyError(c,"min or max is not a float");
            return;
        }
    } else if (rangetype == ZRANGE_LEX) {
        notify_type = "zremrangebylex";
        if (zslParseLexRange(c->argv[2],c->argv[3],&lexrange) != C_OK) {
            addReplyError(c,"min or max not valid string range item");
            return;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("unknown rangetype %d", (int)rangetype);
    }

    /* Step 2: Lookup & range sanity checks if needed. */
    if ((zobj = lookupKeyWriteOrReply(c,key,shared.czero)) == NULL ||
        checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) goto cleanup;

    if (rangetype == ZRANGE_RANK) {
        /* Sanitize indexes. */
        llen = zsetLength(zobj);
        if (start < 0) start = llen+start;
        if (end < 0) end = llen+end;
        if (start < 0) start = 0;

        /* Invariant: start >= 0, so this test will be true when end < 0.
         * The range is empty when start > end or start >= length. */
        if (start > end || start >= llen) {
            addReply(c,shared.czero);
            goto cleanup;
        }
        if (end >= llen) end = llen-1;
    }

    /* Step 3: Perform the range deletion operation. */
    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        switch(rangetype) {
        case ZRANGE_AUTO:
        case ZRANGE_RANK:
            zobj->ptr = zzlDeleteRangeByRank(zobj->ptr,start+1,end+1,&deleted);
            break;
        case ZRANGE_SCORE:
            zobj->ptr = zzlDeleteRangeByScore(zobj->ptr,&range,&deleted);
            break;
        case ZRANGE_LEX:
            zobj->ptr = zzlDeleteRangeByLex(zobj->ptr,&lexrange,&deleted);
            break;
        }
        if (zzlLength(zobj->ptr) == 0) {
            dbDelete(c->db,key);
            keyremoved = 1;
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        switch(rangetype) {
        case ZRANGE_AUTO:
        case ZRANGE_RANK:
            deleted = zslDeleteRangeByRank(zs->zsl,start+1,end+1,zs->dict);
            break;
        case ZRANGE_SCORE:
            deleted = zslDeleteRangeByScore(zs->zsl,&range,zs->dict);
            break;
        case ZRANGE_LEX:
            deleted = zslDeleteRangeByLex(zs->zsl,&lexrange,zs->dict);
            break;
        }
        if (htNeedsResize(zs->dict)) dictResize(zs->dict);
        if (dictSize(zs->dict) == 0) {
            dbDelete(c->db,key);
            keyremoved = 1;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    /* Step 4: Notifications and reply. */
    if (deleted) {
        signalModifiedKey(c,c->db,key);
        notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET,notify_type,key,c->db->id);
        if (keyremoved)
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_GENERIC,"del",key,c->db->id);
    }
    server.dirty += deleted;
    addReplyLongLong(c,deleted);

cleanup:
    if (rangetype == ZRANGE_LEX) zslFreeLexRange(&lexrange);
}

void zremrangebyrankCommand(client *c) {
    zremrangeGenericCommand(c,ZRANGE_RANK);
}

void zremrangebyscoreCommand(client *c) {
    zremrangeGenericCommand(c,ZRANGE_SCORE);
}

void zremrangebylexCommand(client *c) {
    zremrangeGenericCommand(c,ZRANGE_LEX);
}

typedef struct {
    robj *subject;
    int type; /* Set, sorted set */
    int encoding;
    double weight;

    union {
        /* Set iterators. */
        union _iterset {
            struct {
                intset *is;
                int ii;
            } is;
            struct {
                dict *dict;
                dictIterator *di;
                dictEntry *de;
            } ht;
        } set;

        /* Sorted set iterators. */
        union _iterzset {
            struct {
                unsigned char *zl;
                unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
            } zl;
            struct {
                zset *zs;
                zskiplistNode *node;
            } sl;
        } zset;
    } iter;
} zsetopsrc;


/* Use dirty flags for pointers that need to be cleaned up in the next
 * iteration over the zsetopval. The dirty flag for the long long value is
 * special, since long long values don't need cleanup. Instead, it means that
 * we already checked that "ell" holds a long long, or tried to convert another
 * representation into a long long value. When this was successful,
 * OPVAL_VALID_LL is set as well. */
#define OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS 1
#define OPVAL_DIRTY_LL 2
#define OPVAL_VALID_LL 4

/* Store value retrieved from the iterator. */
typedef struct {
    int flags;
    unsigned char _buf[32]; /* Private buffer. */
    sds ele;
    unsigned char *estr;
    unsigned int elen;
    long long ell;
    double score;
} zsetopval;

typedef union _iterset iterset;
typedef union _iterzset iterzset;

void zuiInitIterator(zsetopsrc *op) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return;

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        iterset *it = &op->iter.set;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET) {
            it->is.is = op->subject->ptr;
            it->is.ii = 0;
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
            it->ht.dict = op->subject->ptr;
            it->ht.di = dictGetIterator(op->subject->ptr);
            it->ht.de = dictNext(it->ht.di);
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown set encoding");
        }
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        /* Sorted sets are traversed in reverse order to optimize for
         * the insertion of the elements in a new list as in
         * ZDIFF/ZINTER/ZUNION */
        iterzset *it = &op->iter.zset;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
            it->zl.zl = op->subject->ptr;
            it->zl.eptr = ziplistIndex(it->zl.zl,-2);
            if (it->zl.eptr != NULL) {
                it->zl.sptr = ziplistNext(it->zl.zl,it->zl.eptr);
                serverAssert(it->zl.sptr != NULL);
            }
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            it->sl.zs = op->subject->ptr;
            it->sl.node = it->sl.zs->zsl->tail;
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
}

void zuiClearIterator(zsetopsrc *op) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return;

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        iterset *it = &op->iter.set;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET) {
            UNUSED(it); /* skip */
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
            dictReleaseIterator(it->ht.di);
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown set encoding");
        }
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        iterzset *it = &op->iter.zset;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
            UNUSED(it); /* skip */
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            UNUSED(it); /* skip */
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
}

unsigned long zuiLength(zsetopsrc *op) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return 0;

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET) {
            return intsetLen(op->subject->ptr);
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
            dict *ht = op->subject->ptr;
            return dictSize(ht);
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown set encoding");
        }
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
            return zzlLength(op->subject->ptr);
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            zset *zs = op->subject->ptr;
            return zs->zsl->length;
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
}

/* Check if the current value is valid. If so, store it in the passed structure
 * and move to the next element. If not valid, this means we have reached the
 * end of the structure and can abort. */
int zuiNext(zsetopsrc *op, zsetopval *val) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return 0;

    if (val->flags & OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS)
        sdsfree(val->ele);

    memset(val,0,sizeof(zsetopval));

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        iterset *it = &op->iter.set;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET) {
            int64_t ell;

            if (!intsetGet(it->is.is,it->is.ii,&ell))
                return 0;
            val->ell = ell;
            val->score = 1.0;

            /* Move to next element. */
            it->is.ii++;
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
            if (it->ht.de == NULL)
                return 0;
            val->ele = dictGetKey(it->ht.de);
            val->score = 1.0;

            /* Move to next element. */
            it->ht.de = dictNext(it->ht.di);
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown set encoding");
        }
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        iterzset *it = &op->iter.zset;
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
            /* No need to check both, but better be explicit. */
            if (it->zl.eptr == NULL || it->zl.sptr == NULL)
                return 0;
            serverAssert(ziplistGet(it->zl.eptr,&val->estr,&val->elen,&val->ell));
            val->score = zzlGetScore(it->zl.sptr);

            /* Move to next element (going backwards, see zuiInitIterator). */
            zzlPrev(it->zl.zl,&it->zl.eptr,&it->zl.sptr);
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            if (it->sl.node == NULL)
                return 0;
            val->ele = it->sl.node->ele;
            val->score = it->sl.node->score;

            /* Move to next element. (going backwards, see zuiInitIterator) */
            it->sl.node = it->sl.node->backward;
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
    return 1;
}

int zuiLongLongFromValue(zsetopval *val) {
    if (!(val->flags & OPVAL_DIRTY_LL)) {
        val->flags |= OPVAL_DIRTY_LL;

        if (val->ele != NULL) {
            if (string2ll(val->ele,sdslen(val->ele),&val->ell))
                val->flags |= OPVAL_VALID_LL;
        } else if (val->estr != NULL) {
            if (string2ll((char*)val->estr,val->elen,&val->ell))
                val->flags |= OPVAL_VALID_LL;
        } else {
            /* The long long was already set, flag as valid. */
            val->flags |= OPVAL_VALID_LL;
        }
    }
    return val->flags & OPVAL_VALID_LL;
}

sds zuiSdsFromValue(zsetopval *val) {
    if (val->ele == NULL) {
        if (val->estr != NULL) {
            val->ele = sdsnewlen((char*)val->estr,val->elen);
        } else {
            val->ele = sdsfromlonglong(val->ell);
        }
        val->flags |= OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS;
    }
    return val->ele;
}

/* This is different from zuiSdsFromValue since returns a new SDS string
 * which is up to the caller to free. */
sds zuiNewSdsFromValue(zsetopval *val) {
    if (val->flags & OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS) {
        /* We have already one to return! */
        sds ele = val->ele;
        val->flags &= ~OPVAL_DIRTY_SDS;
        val->ele = NULL;
        return ele;
    } else if (val->ele) {
        return sdsdup(val->ele);
    } else if (val->estr) {
        return sdsnewlen((char*)val->estr,val->elen);
    } else {
        return sdsfromlonglong(val->ell);
    }
}

int zuiBufferFromValue(zsetopval *val) {
    if (val->estr == NULL) {
        if (val->ele != NULL) {
            val->elen = sdslen(val->ele);
            val->estr = (unsigned char*)val->ele;
        } else {
            val->elen = ll2string((char*)val->_buf,sizeof(val->_buf),val->ell);
            val->estr = val->_buf;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

/* Find value pointed to by val in the source pointer to by op. When found,
 * return 1 and store its score in target. Return 0 otherwise. */
int zuiFind(zsetopsrc *op, zsetopval *val, double *score) {
    if (op->subject == NULL)
        return 0;

    if (op->type == OBJ_SET) {
        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET) {
            if (zuiLongLongFromValue(val) &&
                intsetFind(op->subject->ptr,val->ell))
            {
                *score = 1.0;
                return 1;
            } else {
                return 0;
            }
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
            dict *ht = op->subject->ptr;
            zuiSdsFromValue(val);
            if (dictFind(ht,val->ele) != NULL) {
                *score = 1.0;
                return 1;
            } else {
                return 0;
            }
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown set encoding");
        }
    } else if (op->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        zuiSdsFromValue(val);

        if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
            if (zzlFind(op->subject->ptr,val->ele,score) != NULL) {
                /* Score is already set by zzlFind. */
                return 1;
            } else {
                return 0;
            }
        } else if (op->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            zset *zs = op->subject->ptr;
            dictEntry *de;
            if ((de = dictFind(zs->dict,val->ele)) != NULL) {
                *score = *(double*)dictGetVal(de);
                return 1;
            } else {
                return 0;
            }
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unsupported type");
    }
}

int zuiCompareByCardinality(const void *s1, const void *s2) {
    unsigned long first = zuiLength((zsetopsrc*)s1);
    unsigned long second = zuiLength((zsetopsrc*)s2);
    if (first > second) return 1;
    if (first < second) return -1;
    return 0;
}

static int zuiCompareByRevCardinality(const void *s1, const void *s2) {
    return zuiCompareByCardinality(s1, s2) * -1;
}

#define REDIS_AGGR_SUM 1
#define REDIS_AGGR_MIN 2
#define REDIS_AGGR_MAX 3
#define zunionInterDictValue(_e) (dictGetVal(_e) == NULL ? 1.0 : *(double*)dictGetVal(_e))

inline static void zunionInterAggregate(double *target, double val, int aggregate) {
    if (aggregate == REDIS_AGGR_SUM) {
        *target = *target + val;
        /* The result of adding two doubles is NaN when one variable
         * is +inf and the other is -inf. When these numbers are added,
         * we maintain the convention of the result being 0.0. */
        if (isnan(*target)) *target = 0.0;
    } else if (aggregate == REDIS_AGGR_MIN) {
        *target = val < *target ? val : *target;
    } else if (aggregate == REDIS_AGGR_MAX) {
        *target = val > *target ? val : *target;
    } else {
        /* safety net */
        serverPanic("Unknown ZUNION/INTER aggregate type");
    }
}

static int zsetDictGetMaxElementLength(dict *d) {
    dictIterator *di;
    dictEntry *de;
    size_t maxelelen = 0;

    di = dictGetIterator(d);

    while((de = dictNext(di)) != NULL) {
        sds ele = dictGetKey(de);
        if (sdslen(ele) > maxelelen) maxelelen = sdslen(ele);
    }

    dictReleaseIterator(di);

    return maxelelen;
}

static void zdiffAlgorithm1(zsetopsrc *src, long setnum, zset *dstzset, size_t *maxelelen) {
    /* DIFF Algorithm 1:
     *
     * We perform the diff by iterating all the elements of the first set,
     * and only adding it to the target set if the element does not exist
     * into all the other sets.
     *
     * This way we perform at max N*M operations, where N is the size of
     * the first set, and M the number of sets.
     *
     * There is also a O(K*log(K)) cost for adding the resulting elements
     * to the target set, where K is the final size of the target set.
     *
     * The final complexity of this algorithm is O(N*M + K*log(K)). */
    int j;
    zsetopval zval;
    zskiplistNode *znode;
    sds tmp;

    /* With algorithm 1 it is better to order the sets to subtract
     * by decreasing size, so that we are more likely to find
     * duplicated elements ASAP. */
    qsort(src+1,setnum-1,sizeof(zsetopsrc),zuiCompareByRevCardinality);

    memset(&zval, 0, sizeof(zval));
    zuiInitIterator(&src[0]);
    while (zuiNext(&src[0],&zval)) {
        double value;
        int exists = 0;

        for (j = 1; j < setnum; j++) {
            /* It is not safe to access the zset we are
             * iterating, so explicitly check for equal object.
             * This check isn't really needed anymore since we already
             * check for a duplicate set in the zsetChooseDiffAlgorithm
             * function, but we're leaving it for future-proofing. */
            if (src[j].subject == src[0].subject ||
                zuiFind(&src[j],&zval,&value)) {
                exists = 1;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (!exists) {
            tmp = zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval);
            znode = zslInsert(dstzset->zsl,zval.score,tmp);
            dictAdd(dstzset->dict,tmp,&znode->score);
            if (sdslen(tmp) > *maxelelen) *maxelelen = sdslen(tmp);
        }
    }
    zuiClearIterator(&src[0]);
}


static void zdiffAlgorithm2(zsetopsrc *src, long setnum, zset *dstzset, size_t *maxelelen) {
    /* DIFF Algorithm 2:
     *
     * Add all the elements of the first set to the auxiliary set.
     * Then remove all the elements of all the next sets from it.
     *

     * This is O(L + (N-K)log(N)) where L is the sum of all the elements in every
     * set, N is the size of the first set, and K is the size of the result set.
     *
     * Note that from the (L-N) dict searches, (N-K) got to the zsetRemoveFromSkiplist
     * which costs log(N)
     *
     * There is also a O(K) cost at the end for finding the largest element
     * size, but this doesn't change the algorithm complexity since K < L, and
     * O(2L) is the same as O(L). */
    int j;
    int cardinality = 0;
    zsetopval zval;
    zskiplistNode *znode;
    sds tmp;

    for (j = 0; j < setnum; j++) {
        if (zuiLength(&src[j]) == 0) continue;

        memset(&zval, 0, sizeof(zval));
        zuiInitIterator(&src[j]);
        while (zuiNext(&src[j],&zval)) {
            if (j == 0) {
                tmp = zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval);
                znode = zslInsert(dstzset->zsl,zval.score,tmp);
                dictAdd(dstzset->dict,tmp,&znode->score);
                cardinality++;
            } else {
                tmp = zuiSdsFromValue(&zval);
                if (zsetRemoveFromSkiplist(dstzset, tmp)) {
                    cardinality--;
                }
            }

            /* Exit if result set is empty as any additional removal
                * of elements will have no effect. */
            if (cardinality == 0) break;
        }
        zuiClearIterator(&src[j]);

        if (cardinality == 0) break;
    }

    /* Resize dict if needed after removing multiple elements */
    if (htNeedsResize(dstzset->dict)) dictResize(dstzset->dict);

    /* Using this algorithm, we can't calculate the max element as we go,
     * we have to iterate through all elements to find the max one after. */
    *maxelelen = zsetDictGetMaxElementLength(dstzset->dict);
}

static int zsetChooseDiffAlgorithm(zsetopsrc *src, long setnum) {
    int j;

    /* Select what DIFF algorithm to use.
     *
     * Algorithm 1 is O(N*M + K*log(K)) where N is the size of the
     * first set, M the total number of sets, and K is the size of the
     * result set.
     *
     * Algorithm 2 is O(L + (N-K)log(N)) where L is the total number of elements
     * in all the sets, N is the size of the first set, and K is the size of the
     * result set.
     *
     * We compute what is the best bet with the current input here. */
    long long algo_one_work = 0;
    long long algo_two_work = 0;

    for (j = 0; j < setnum; j++) {
        /* If any other set is equal to the first set, there is nothing to be
         * done, since we would remove all elements anyway. */
        if (j > 0 && src[0].subject == src[j].subject) {
            return 0;
        }

        algo_one_work += zuiLength(&src[0]);
        algo_two_work += zuiLength(&src[j]);
    }

    /* Algorithm 1 has better constant times and performs less operations
     * if there are elements in common. Give it some advantage. */
    algo_one_work /= 2;
    return (algo_one_work <= algo_two_work) ? 1 : 2;
}

static void zdiff(zsetopsrc *src, long setnum, zset *dstzset, size_t *maxelelen) {
    /* Skip everything if the smallest input is empty. */
    if (zuiLength(&src[0]) > 0) {
        int diff_algo = zsetChooseDiffAlgorithm(src, setnum);
        if (diff_algo == 1) {
            zdiffAlgorithm1(src, setnum, dstzset, maxelelen);
        } else if (diff_algo == 2) {
            zdiffAlgorithm2(src, setnum, dstzset, maxelelen);
        } else if (diff_algo != 0) {
            serverPanic("Unknown algorithm");
        }
    }
}

dictType setAccumulatorDictType = {
    dictSdsHash,               /* hash function */
    NULL,                      /* key dup */
    NULL,                      /* val dup */
    dictSdsKeyCompare,         /* key compare */
    NULL,                      /* key destructor */
    NULL,                      /* val destructor */
    NULL                       /* allow to expand */
};

/* The zunionInterDiffGenericCommand() function is called in order to implement the
 * following commands: ZUNION, ZINTER, ZDIFF, ZUNIONSTORE, ZINTERSTORE, ZDIFFSTORE.
 *
 * 'numkeysIndex' parameter position of key number. for ZUNION/ZINTER/ZDIFF command,
 * this value is 1, for ZUNIONSTORE/ZINTERSTORE/ZDIFFSTORE command, this value is 2.
 *
 * 'op' SET_OP_INTER, SET_OP_UNION or SET_OP_DIFF.
 */
void zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(client *c, robj *dstkey, int numkeysIndex, int op) {
    int i, j;
    long setnum;
    int aggregate = REDIS_AGGR_SUM;
    zsetopsrc *src;
    zsetopval zval;
    sds tmp;
    size_t maxelelen = 0;
    robj *dstobj;
    zset *dstzset;
    zskiplistNode *znode;
    int withscores = 0;

    /* expect setnum input keys to be given */
    if ((getLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[numkeysIndex], &setnum, NULL) != C_OK))
        return;

    if (setnum < 1) {
        addReplyErrorFormat(c,
            "at least 1 input key is needed for %s", c->cmd->name);
        return;
    }

    /* test if the expected number of keys would overflow */
    if (setnum > (c->argc-(numkeysIndex+1))) {
        addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
        return;
    }

    /* read keys to be used for input */
    src = zcalloc(sizeof(zsetopsrc) * setnum);
    for (i = 0, j = numkeysIndex+1; i < setnum; i++, j++) {
        robj *obj = dstkey ?
            lookupKeyWrite(c->db,c->argv[j]) :
            lookupKeyRead(c->db,c->argv[j]);
        if (obj != NULL) {
            if (obj->type != OBJ_ZSET && obj->type != OBJ_SET) {
                zfree(src);
                addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.wrongtypeerr);
                return;
            }

            src[i].subject = obj;
            src[i].type = obj->type;
            src[i].encoding = obj->encoding;
        } else {
            src[i].subject = NULL;
        }

        /* Default all weights to 1. */
        src[i].weight = 1.0;
    }

    /* parse optional extra arguments */
    if (j < c->argc) {
        int remaining = c->argc - j;

        while (remaining) {
            if (op != SET_OP_DIFF &&
                remaining >= (setnum + 1) &&
                !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"weights"))
            {
                j++; remaining--;
                for (i = 0; i < setnum; i++, j++, remaining--) {
                    if (getDoubleFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[j],&src[i].weight,
                            "weight value is not a float") != C_OK)
                    {
                        zfree(src);
                        return;
                    }
                }
            } else if (op != SET_OP_DIFF &&
                       remaining >= 2 &&
                       !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"aggregate"))
            {
                j++; remaining--;
                if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"sum")) {
                    aggregate = REDIS_AGGR_SUM;
                } else if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"min")) {
                    aggregate = REDIS_AGGR_MIN;
                } else if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"max")) {
                    aggregate = REDIS_AGGR_MAX;
                } else {
                    zfree(src);
                    addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
                    return;
                }
                j++; remaining--;
            } else if (remaining >= 1 &&
                       !dstkey &&
                       !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"withscores"))
            {
                j++; remaining--;
                withscores = 1;
            } else {
                zfree(src);
                addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    if (op != SET_OP_DIFF) {
        /* sort sets from the smallest to largest, this will improve our
        * algorithm's performance */
        qsort(src,setnum,sizeof(zsetopsrc),zuiCompareByCardinality);
    }

    dstobj = createZsetObject();
    dstzset = dstobj->ptr;
    memset(&zval, 0, sizeof(zval));

    if (op == SET_OP_INTER) {
        /* Skip everything if the smallest input is empty. */
        if (zuiLength(&src[0]) > 0) {
            /* Precondition: as src[0] is non-empty and the inputs are ordered
             * by size, all src[i > 0] are non-empty too. */
            zuiInitIterator(&src[0]);
            while (zuiNext(&src[0],&zval)) {
                double score, value;

                score = src[0].weight * zval.score;
                if (isnan(score)) score = 0;

                for (j = 1; j < setnum; j++) {
                    /* It is not safe to access the zset we are
                     * iterating, so explicitly check for equal object. */
                    if (src[j].subject == src[0].subject) {
                        value = zval.score*src[j].weight;
                        zunionInterAggregate(&score,value,aggregate);
                    } else if (zuiFind(&src[j],&zval,&value)) {
                        value *= src[j].weight;
                        zunionInterAggregate(&score,value,aggregate);
                    } else {
                        break;
                    }
                }

                /* Only continue when present in every input. */
                if (j == setnum) {
                    tmp = zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval);
                    znode = zslInsert(dstzset->zsl,score,tmp);
                    dictAdd(dstzset->dict,tmp,&znode->score);
                    if (sdslen(tmp) > maxelelen) maxelelen = sdslen(tmp);
                }
            }
            zuiClearIterator(&src[0]);
        }
    } else if (op == SET_OP_UNION) {
        dict *accumulator = dictCreate(&setAccumulatorDictType,NULL);
        dictIterator *di;
        dictEntry *de, *existing;
        double score;

        if (setnum) {
            /* Our union is at least as large as the largest set.
             * Resize the dictionary ASAP to avoid useless rehashing. */
            dictExpand(accumulator,zuiLength(&src[setnum-1]));
        }

        /* Step 1: Create a dictionary of elements -> aggregated-scores
         * by iterating one sorted set after the other. */
        for (i = 0; i < setnum; i++) {
            if (zuiLength(&src[i]) == 0) continue;

            zuiInitIterator(&src[i]);
            while (zuiNext(&src[i],&zval)) {
                /* Initialize value */
                score = src[i].weight * zval.score;
                if (isnan(score)) score = 0;

                /* Search for this element in the accumulating dictionary. */
                de = dictAddRaw(accumulator,zuiSdsFromValue(&zval),&existing);
                /* If we don't have it, we need to create a new entry. */
                if (!existing) {
                    tmp = zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval);
                    /* Remember the longest single element encountered,
                     * to understand if it's possible to convert to ziplist
                     * at the end. */
                     if (sdslen(tmp) > maxelelen) maxelelen = sdslen(tmp);
                    /* Update the element with its initial score. */
                    dictSetKey(accumulator, de, tmp);
                    dictSetDoubleVal(de,score);
                } else {
                    /* Update the score with the score of the new instance
                     * of the element found in the current sorted set.
                     *
                     * Here we access directly the dictEntry double
                     * value inside the union as it is a big speedup
                     * compared to using the getDouble/setDouble API. */
                    zunionInterAggregate(&existing->v.d,score,aggregate);
                }
            }
            zuiClearIterator(&src[i]);
        }

        /* Step 2: convert the dictionary into the final sorted set. */
        di = dictGetIterator(accumulator);

        /* We now are aware of the final size of the resulting sorted set,
         * let's resize the dictionary embedded inside the sorted set to the
         * right size, in order to save rehashing time. */
        dictExpand(dstzset->dict,dictSize(accumulator));

        while((de = dictNext(di)) != NULL) {
            sds ele = dictGetKey(de);
            score = dictGetDoubleVal(de);
            znode = zslInsert(dstzset->zsl,score,ele);
            dictAdd(dstzset->dict,ele,&znode->score);
        }
        dictReleaseIterator(di);
        dictRelease(accumulator);
    } else if (op == SET_OP_DIFF) {
        zdiff(src, setnum, dstzset, &maxelelen);
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown operator");
    }

    if (dstkey) {
        if (dstzset->zsl->length) {
            zsetConvertToZiplistIfNeeded(dstobj, maxelelen);
            setKey(c, c->db, dstkey, dstobj);
            addReplyLongLong(c, zsetLength(dstobj));
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET,
                                (op == SET_OP_UNION) ? "zunionstore" :
                                    (op == SET_OP_INTER ? "zinterstore" : "zdiffstore"),
                                dstkey, c->db->id);
            server.dirty++;
        } else {
            addReply(c, shared.czero);
            if (dbDelete(c->db, dstkey)) {
                signalModifiedKey(c, c->db, dstkey);
                notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_GENERIC, "del", dstkey, c->db->id);
                server.dirty++;
            }
        }
    } else {
        unsigned long length = dstzset->zsl->length;
        zskiplist *zsl = dstzset->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *zn = zsl->header->level[0].forward;
        /* In case of WITHSCORES, respond with a single array in RESP2, and
         * nested arrays in RESP3. We can't use a map response type since the
         * client library needs to know to respect the order. */
        if (withscores && c->resp == 2)
            addReplyArrayLen(c, length*2);
        else
            addReplyArrayLen(c, length);

        while (zn != NULL) {
            if (withscores && c->resp > 2) addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
            addReplyBulkCBuffer(c,zn->ele,sdslen(zn->ele));
            if (withscores) addReplyDouble(c,zn->score);
            zn = zn->level[0].forward;
        }
    }
    decrRefCount(dstobj);
    zfree(src);
}

void zunionstoreCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, c->argv[1], 2, SET_OP_UNION);
}

void zinterstoreCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, c->argv[1], 2, SET_OP_INTER);
}

void zdiffstoreCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, c->argv[1], 2, SET_OP_DIFF);
}

void zunionCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, NULL, 1, SET_OP_UNION);
}

void zinterCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, NULL, 1, SET_OP_INTER);
}

void zdiffCommand(client *c) {
    zunionInterDiffGenericCommand(c, NULL, 1, SET_OP_DIFF);
}

typedef enum {
    ZRANGE_DIRECTION_AUTO = 0,
    ZRANGE_DIRECTION_FORWARD,
    ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE
} zrange_direction;

typedef enum {
    ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT = 0,
    ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_INTERNAL
} zrange_consumer_type;

typedef struct zrange_result_handler zrange_result_handler;

typedef void (*zrangeResultBeginFunction)(zrange_result_handler *c);
typedef void (*zrangeResultFinalizeFunction)(
    zrange_result_handler *c, size_t result_count);
typedef void (*zrangeResultEmitCBufferFunction)(
    zrange_result_handler *c, const void *p, size_t len, double score);
typedef void (*zrangeResultEmitLongLongFunction)(
    zrange_result_handler *c, long long ll, double score);

void zrangeGenericCommand (zrange_result_handler *handler, int argc_start, int store,
                           zrange_type rangetype, zrange_direction direction);

/* Interface struct for ZRANGE/ZRANGESTORE generic implementation.
 * There is one implementation of this interface that sends a RESP reply to clients.
 * and one implementation that stores the range result into a zset object. */
struct zrange_result_handler {
    zrange_consumer_type                 type;
    client                              *client;
    robj                                *dstkey;
    robj                                *dstobj;
    void                                *userdata;
    int                                  withscores;
    int                                  should_emit_array_length;
    zrangeResultBeginFunction            beginResultEmission;
    zrangeResultFinalizeFunction         finalizeResultEmission;
    zrangeResultEmitCBufferFunction      emitResultFromCBuffer;
    zrangeResultEmitLongLongFunction     emitResultFromLongLong;
};

/* Result handler methods for responding the ZRANGE to clients. */
static void zrangeResultBeginClient(zrange_result_handler *handler) {
    handler->userdata = addReplyDeferredLen(handler->client);
}

static void zrangeResultEmitCBufferToClient(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    const void *value, size_t value_length_in_bytes, double score)
{
    if (handler->should_emit_array_length) {
        addReplyArrayLen(handler->client, 2);
    }

    addReplyBulkCBuffer(handler->client, value, value_length_in_bytes);

    if (handler->withscores) {
        addReplyDouble(handler->client, score);
    }
}

static void zrangeResultEmitLongLongToClient(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    long long value, double score)
{
    if (handler->should_emit_array_length) {
        addReplyArrayLen(handler->client, 2);
    }

    addReplyBulkLongLong(handler->client, value);

    if (handler->withscores) {
        addReplyDouble(handler->client, score);
    }
}

static void zrangeResultFinalizeClient(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    size_t result_count)
{
    /* In case of WITHSCORES, respond with a single array in RESP2, and
     * nested arrays in RESP3. We can't use a map response type since the
     * client library needs to know to respect the order. */
    if (handler->withscores && (handler->client->resp == 2)) {
        result_count *= 2;
    }

    setDeferredArrayLen(handler->client, handler->userdata, result_count);
}

/* Result handler methods for storing the ZRANGESTORE to a zset. */
static void zrangeResultBeginStore(zrange_result_handler *handler)
{
    handler->dstobj = createZsetZiplistObject();
}

static void zrangeResultEmitCBufferForStore(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    const void *value, size_t value_length_in_bytes, double score)
{
    double newscore;
    int retflags = 0;
    sds ele = sdsnewlen(value, value_length_in_bytes);
    int retval = zsetAdd(handler->dstobj, score, ele, ZADD_IN_NONE, &retflags, &newscore);
    sdsfree(ele);
    serverAssert(retval);
}

static void zrangeResultEmitLongLongForStore(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    long long value, double score)
{
    double newscore;
    int retflags = 0;
    sds ele = sdsfromlonglong(value);
    int retval = zsetAdd(handler->dstobj, score, ele, ZADD_IN_NONE, &retflags, &newscore);
    sdsfree(ele);
    serverAssert(retval);
}

static void zrangeResultFinalizeStore(zrange_result_handler *handler, size_t result_count)
{
    if (result_count) {
        setKey(handler->client, handler->client->db, handler->dstkey, handler->dstobj);
        addReplyLongLong(handler->client, result_count);
        notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET, "zrangestore", handler->dstkey, handler->client->db->id);
        server.dirty++;
    } else {
        addReply(handler->client, shared.czero);
        if (dbDelete(handler->client->db, handler->dstkey)) {
            signalModifiedKey(handler->client, handler->client->db, handler->dstkey);
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_GENERIC, "del", handler->dstkey, handler->client->db->id);
            server.dirty++;
        }
    }
    decrRefCount(handler->dstobj);
}

/* Initialize the consumer interface type with the requested type. */
static void zrangeResultHandlerInit(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    client *client, zrange_consumer_type type)
{
    memset(handler, 0, sizeof(*handler));

    handler->client = client;

    switch (type) {
    case ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT:
        handler->beginResultEmission = zrangeResultBeginClient;
        handler->finalizeResultEmission = zrangeResultFinalizeClient;
        handler->emitResultFromCBuffer = zrangeResultEmitCBufferToClient;
        handler->emitResultFromLongLong = zrangeResultEmitLongLongToClient;
        break;

    case ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_INTERNAL:
        handler->beginResultEmission = zrangeResultBeginStore;
        handler->finalizeResultEmission = zrangeResultFinalizeStore;
        handler->emitResultFromCBuffer = zrangeResultEmitCBufferForStore;
        handler->emitResultFromLongLong = zrangeResultEmitLongLongForStore;
        break;
    }
}

static void zrangeResultHandlerScoreEmissionEnable(zrange_result_handler *handler) {
    handler->withscores = 1;
    handler->should_emit_array_length = (handler->client->resp > 2);
}

static void zrangeResultHandlerDestinationKeySet (zrange_result_handler *handler,
    robj *dstkey)
{
    handler->dstkey = dstkey;
}

/* This command implements ZRANGE, ZREVRANGE. */
void genericZrangebyrankCommand(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    robj *zobj, long start, long end, int withscores, int reverse) {

    client *c = handler->client;
    long llen;
    long rangelen;
    size_t result_cardinality;

    /* Sanitize indexes. */
    llen = zsetLength(zobj);
    if (start < 0) start = llen+start;
    if (end < 0) end = llen+end;
    if (start < 0) start = 0;

    handler->beginResultEmission(handler);

    /* Invariant: start >= 0, so this test will be true when end < 0.
     * The range is empty when start > end or start >= length. */
    if (start > end || start >= llen) {
        handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, 0);
        return;
    }
    if (end >= llen) end = llen-1;
    rangelen = (end-start)+1;
    result_cardinality = rangelen;

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
        unsigned char *vstr;
        unsigned int vlen;
        long long vlong;
        double score = 0.0;

        if (reverse)
            eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,-2-(2*start));
        else
            eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,2*start);

        serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,eptr != NULL);
        sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);

        while (rangelen--) {
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,eptr != NULL && sptr != NULL);
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,ziplistGet(eptr,&vstr,&vlen,&vlong));

            if (withscores) /* don't bother to extract the score if it's gonna be ignored. */
                score = zzlGetScore(sptr);

            if (vstr == NULL) {
                handler->emitResultFromLongLong(handler, vlong, score);
            } else {
                handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, vstr, vlen, score);
            }

            if (reverse)
                zzlPrev(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            else
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
        }

    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *ln;

        /* Check if starting point is trivial, before doing log(N) lookup. */
        if (reverse) {
            ln = zsl->tail;
            if (start > 0)
                ln = zslGetElementByRank(zsl,llen-start);
        } else {
            ln = zsl->header->level[0].forward;
            if (start > 0)
                ln = zslGetElementByRank(zsl,start+1);
        }

        while(rangelen--) {
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,ln != NULL);
            sds ele = ln->ele;
            handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, ele, sdslen(ele), ln->score);
            ln = reverse ? ln->backward : ln->level[0].forward;
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, result_cardinality);
}

/* ZRANGESTORE <dst> <src> <min> <max> [BYSCORE | BYLEX] [REV] [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrangestoreCommand (client *c) {
    robj *dstkey = c->argv[1];
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_INTERNAL);
    zrangeResultHandlerDestinationKeySet(&handler, dstkey);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 2, 1, ZRANGE_AUTO, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_AUTO);
}

/* ZRANGE <key> <min> <max> [BYSCORE | BYLEX] [REV] [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrangeCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_AUTO, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_AUTO);
}

/* ZREVRANGE <key> <min> <max> [WITHSCORES] */
void zrevrangeCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_RANK, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
}

/* This command implements ZRANGEBYSCORE, ZREVRANGEBYSCORE. */
void genericZrangebyscoreCommand(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    zrangespec *range, robj *zobj, long offset, long limit, 
    int reverse) {

    client *c = handler->client;
    unsigned long rangelen = 0;

    handler->beginResultEmission(handler);

    /* For invalid offset, return directly. */
    if (offset > 0 && offset >= (long)zsetLength(zobj)) {
        handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, 0);
        return;
    }

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
        unsigned char *vstr;
        unsigned int vlen;
        long long vlong;

        /* If reversed, get the last node in range as starting point. */
        if (reverse) {
            eptr = zzlLastInRange(zl,range);
        } else {
            eptr = zzlFirstInRange(zl,range);
        }

        /* Get score pointer for the first element. */
        if (eptr)
            sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);

        /* If there is an offset, just traverse the number of elements without
         * checking the score because that is done in the next loop. */
        while (eptr && offset--) {
            if (reverse) {
                zzlPrev(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            } else {
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }

        while (eptr && limit--) {
            double score = zzlGetScore(sptr);

            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (reverse) {
                if (!zslValueGteMin(score,range)) break;
            } else {
                if (!zslValueLteMax(score,range)) break;
            }

            /* We know the element exists, so ziplistGet should always
             * succeed */
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,ziplistGet(eptr,&vstr,&vlen,&vlong));

            rangelen++;
            if (vstr == NULL) {
                handler->emitResultFromLongLong(handler, vlong, score);
            } else {
                handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, vstr, vlen, score);
            }

            /* Move to next node */
            if (reverse) {
                zzlPrev(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            } else {
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *ln;

        /* If reversed, get the last node in range as starting point. */
        if (reverse) {
            ln = zslLastInRange(zsl,range);
        } else {
            ln = zslFirstInRange(zsl,range);
        }

        /* If there is an offset, just traverse the number of elements without
         * checking the score because that is done in the next loop. */
        while (ln && offset--) {
            if (reverse) {
                ln = ln->backward;
            } else {
                ln = ln->level[0].forward;
            }
        }

        while (ln && limit--) {
            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (reverse) {
                if (!zslValueGteMin(ln->score,range)) break;
            } else {
                if (!zslValueLteMax(ln->score,range)) break;
            }

            rangelen++;
            handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, ln->ele, sdslen(ln->ele), ln->score);

            /* Move to next node */
            if (reverse) {
                ln = ln->backward;
            } else {
                ln = ln->level[0].forward;
            }
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, rangelen);
}

/* ZRANGEBYSCORE <key> <min> <max> [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrangebyscoreCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_SCORE, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_FORWARD);
}

/* ZREVRANGEBYSCORE <key> <min> <max> [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrevrangebyscoreCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_SCORE, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
}

void zcountCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *zobj;
    zrangespec range;
    unsigned long count = 0;

    /* Parse the range arguments */
    if (zslParseRange(c->argv[2],c->argv[3],&range) != C_OK) {
        addReplyError(c,"min or max is not a float");
        return;
    }

    /* Lookup the sorted set */
    if ((zobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c, key, shared.czero)) == NULL ||
        checkType(c, zobj, OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
        double score;

        /* Use the first element in range as the starting point */
        eptr = zzlFirstInRange(zl,&range);

        /* No "first" element */
        if (eptr == NULL) {
            addReply(c, shared.czero);
            return;
        }

        /* First element is in range */
        sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);
        score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,zslValueLteMax(score,&range));

        /* Iterate over elements in range */
        while (eptr) {
            score = zzlGetScore(sptr);

            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (!zslValueLteMax(score,&range)) {
                break;
            } else {
                count++;
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *zn;
        unsigned long rank;

        /* Find first element in range */
        zn = zslFirstInRange(zsl, &range);

        /* Use rank of first element, if any, to determine preliminary count */
        if (zn != NULL) {
            rank = zslGetRank(zsl, zn->score, zn->ele);
            count = (zsl->length - (rank - 1));

            /* Find last element in range */
            zn = zslLastInRange(zsl, &range);

            /* Use rank of last element, if any, to determine the actual count */
            if (zn != NULL) {
                rank = zslGetRank(zsl, zn->score, zn->ele);
                count -= (zsl->length - rank);
            }
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    addReplyLongLong(c, count);
}

void zlexcountCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *zobj;
    zlexrangespec range;
    unsigned long count = 0;

    /* Parse the range arguments */
    if (zslParseLexRange(c->argv[2],c->argv[3],&range) != C_OK) {
        addReplyError(c,"min or max not valid string range item");
        return;
    }

    /* Lookup the sorted set */
    if ((zobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c, key, shared.czero)) == NULL ||
        checkType(c, zobj, OBJ_ZSET))
    {
        zslFreeLexRange(&range);
        return;
    }

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;

        /* Use the first element in range as the starting point */
        eptr = zzlFirstInLexRange(zl,&range);

        /* No "first" element */
        if (eptr == NULL) {
            zslFreeLexRange(&range);
            addReply(c, shared.czero);
            return;
        }

        /* First element is in range */
        sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);
        serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,&range));

        /* Iterate over elements in range */
        while (eptr) {
            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (!zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,&range)) {
                break;
            } else {
                count++;
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *zn;
        unsigned long rank;

        /* Find first element in range */
        zn = zslFirstInLexRange(zsl, &range);

        /* Use rank of first element, if any, to determine preliminary count */
        if (zn != NULL) {
            rank = zslGetRank(zsl, zn->score, zn->ele);
            count = (zsl->length - (rank - 1));

            /* Find last element in range */
            zn = zslLastInLexRange(zsl, &range);

            /* Use rank of last element, if any, to determine the actual count */
            if (zn != NULL) {
                rank = zslGetRank(zsl, zn->score, zn->ele);
                count -= (zsl->length - rank);
            }
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    zslFreeLexRange(&range);
    addReplyLongLong(c, count);
}

/* This command implements ZRANGEBYLEX, ZREVRANGEBYLEX. */
void genericZrangebylexCommand(zrange_result_handler *handler,
    zlexrangespec *range, robj *zobj, int withscores, long offset, long limit,
    int reverse)
{
    client *c = handler->client;
    unsigned long rangelen = 0;

    handler->beginResultEmission(handler);

    if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
        unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
        unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
        unsigned char *vstr;
        unsigned int vlen;
        long long vlong;

        /* If reversed, get the last node in range as starting point. */
        if (reverse) {
            eptr = zzlLastInLexRange(zl,range);
        } else {
            eptr = zzlFirstInLexRange(zl,range);
        }

        /* Get score pointer for the first element. */
        if (eptr)
            sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);

        /* If there is an offset, just traverse the number of elements without
         * checking the score because that is done in the next loop. */
        while (eptr && offset--) {
            if (reverse) {
                zzlPrev(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            } else {
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }

        while (eptr && limit--) {
            double score = 0;
            if (withscores) /* don't bother to extract the score if it's gonna be ignored. */
                score = zzlGetScore(sptr);

            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (reverse) {
                if (!zzlLexValueGteMin(eptr,range)) break;
            } else {
                if (!zzlLexValueLteMax(eptr,range)) break;
            }

            /* We know the element exists, so ziplistGet should always
             * succeed. */
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,ziplistGet(eptr,&vstr,&vlen,&vlong));

            rangelen++;
            if (vstr == NULL) {
                handler->emitResultFromLongLong(handler, vlong, score);
            } else {
                handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, vstr, vlen, score);
            }

            /* Move to next node */
            if (reverse) {
                zzlPrev(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            } else {
                zzlNext(zl,&eptr,&sptr);
            }
        }
    } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
        zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
        zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
        zskiplistNode *ln;

        /* If reversed, get the last node in range as starting point. */
        if (reverse) {
            ln = zslLastInLexRange(zsl,range);
        } else {
            ln = zslFirstInLexRange(zsl,range);
        }

        /* If there is an offset, just traverse the number of elements without
         * checking the score because that is done in the next loop. */
        while (ln && offset--) {
            if (reverse) {
                ln = ln->backward;
            } else {
                ln = ln->level[0].forward;
            }
        }

        while (ln && limit--) {
            /* Abort when the node is no longer in range. */
            if (reverse) {
                if (!zslLexValueGteMin(ln->ele,range)) break;
            } else {
                if (!zslLexValueLteMax(ln->ele,range)) break;
            }

            rangelen++;
            handler->emitResultFromCBuffer(handler, ln->ele, sdslen(ln->ele), ln->score);

            /* Move to next node */
            if (reverse) {
                ln = ln->backward;
            } else {
                ln = ln->level[0].forward;
            }
        }
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    }

    handler->finalizeResultEmission(handler, rangelen);
}

/* ZRANGEBYLEX <key> <min> <max> [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrangebylexCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_LEX, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_FORWARD);
}

/* ZREVRANGEBYLEX <key> <min> <max> [LIMIT offset count] */
void zrevrangebylexCommand(client *c) {
    zrange_result_handler handler;
    zrangeResultHandlerInit(&handler, c, ZRANGE_CONSUMER_TYPE_CLIENT);
    zrangeGenericCommand(&handler, 1, 0, ZRANGE_LEX, ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
}

/**
 * This function handles ZRANGE and ZRANGESTORE, and also the deprecated
 * Z[REV]RANGE[BYPOS|BYLEX] commands.
 *
 * The simple ZRANGE and ZRANGESTORE can take _AUTO in rangetype and direction,
 * other command pass explicit value.
 *
 * The argc_start points to the src key argument, so following syntax is like:
 * <src> <min> <max> [BYSCORE | BYLEX] [REV] [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count]
 */
void zrangeGenericCommand(zrange_result_handler *handler, int argc_start, int store,
                          zrange_type rangetype, zrange_direction direction)
{
    client *c = handler->client;
    robj *key = c->argv[argc_start];
    robj *zobj;
    zrangespec range;
    zlexrangespec lexrange;
    int minidx = argc_start + 1;
    int maxidx = argc_start + 2;

    /* Options common to all */
    long opt_start = 0;
    long opt_end = 0;
    int opt_withscores = 0;
    long opt_offset = 0;
    long opt_limit = -1;

    /* Step 1: Skip the <src> <min> <max> args and parse remaining optional arguments. */
    for (int j=argc_start + 3; j < c->argc; j++) {
        int leftargs = c->argc-j-1;
        if (!store && !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"withscores")) {
            opt_withscores = 1;
        } else if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"limit") && leftargs >= 2) {
            if ((getLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[j+1], &opt_offset, NULL) != C_OK) ||
                (getLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[j+2], &opt_limit, NULL) != C_OK))
            {
                return;
            }
            j += 2;
        } else if (direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_AUTO &&
                   !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"rev"))
        {
            direction = ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE;
        } else if (rangetype == ZRANGE_AUTO &&
                   !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"bylex"))
        {
            rangetype = ZRANGE_LEX;
        } else if (rangetype == ZRANGE_AUTO &&
                   !strcasecmp(c->argv[j]->ptr,"byscore"))
        {
            rangetype = ZRANGE_SCORE;
        } else {
            addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
            return;
        }
    }

    /* Use defaults if not overridden by arguments. */
    if (direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_AUTO)
        direction = ZRANGE_DIRECTION_FORWARD;
    if (rangetype == ZRANGE_AUTO)
        rangetype = ZRANGE_RANK;

    /* Check for conflicting arguments. */
    if (opt_limit != -1 && rangetype == ZRANGE_RANK) {
        addReplyError(c,"syntax error, LIMIT is only supported in combination with either BYSCORE or BYLEX");
        return;
    }
    if (opt_withscores && rangetype == ZRANGE_LEX) {
        addReplyError(c,"syntax error, WITHSCORES not supported in combination with BYLEX");
        return;
    }

    if (direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE &&
        ((ZRANGE_SCORE == rangetype) || (ZRANGE_LEX == rangetype)))
    {
        /* Range is given as [max,min] */
        int tmp = maxidx;
        maxidx = minidx;
        minidx = tmp;
    }

    /* Step 2: Parse the range. */
    switch (rangetype) {
    case ZRANGE_AUTO:
    case ZRANGE_RANK:
        /* Z[REV]RANGE, ZRANGESTORE [REV]RANGE */
        if ((getLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[minidx], &opt_start,NULL) != C_OK) ||
            (getLongFromObjectOrReply(c, c->argv[maxidx], &opt_end,NULL) != C_OK))
        {
            return;
        }
        break;

    case ZRANGE_SCORE:
        /* Z[REV]RANGEBYSCORE, ZRANGESTORE [REV]RANGEBYSCORE */
        if (zslParseRange(c->argv[minidx], c->argv[maxidx], &range) != C_OK) {
            addReplyError(c, "min or max is not a float");
            return;
        }
        break;

    case ZRANGE_LEX:
        /* Z[REV]RANGEBYLEX, ZRANGESTORE [REV]RANGEBYLEX */
        if (zslParseLexRange(c->argv[minidx], c->argv[maxidx], &lexrange) != C_OK) {
            addReplyError(c, "min or max not valid string range item");
            return;
        }
        break;
    }

    if (opt_withscores || store) {
        zrangeResultHandlerScoreEmissionEnable(handler);
    }

    /* Step 3: Lookup the key and get the range. */
    zobj = handler->dstkey ?
        lookupKeyWrite(c->db,key) :
        lookupKeyRead(c->db,key);
    if (zobj == NULL) {
        addReply(c,shared.emptyarray);
        goto cleanup;
    }

    if (checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) goto cleanup;

    /* Step 4: Pass this to the command-specific handler. */
    switch (rangetype) {
    case ZRANGE_AUTO:
    case ZRANGE_RANK:
        genericZrangebyrankCommand(handler, zobj, opt_start, opt_end,
            opt_withscores || store, direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
        break;

    case ZRANGE_SCORE:
        genericZrangebyscoreCommand(handler, &range, zobj, opt_offset,
            opt_limit, direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
        break;

    case ZRANGE_LEX:
        genericZrangebylexCommand(handler, &lexrange, zobj, opt_withscores || store,
            opt_offset, opt_limit, direction == ZRANGE_DIRECTION_REVERSE);
        break;
    }

    /* Instead of returning here, we'll just fall-through the clean-up. */

cleanup:

    if (rangetype == ZRANGE_LEX) {
        zslFreeLexRange(&lexrange);
    }
}

void zcardCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *zobj;

    if ((zobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c,key,shared.czero)) == NULL ||
        checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    addReplyLongLong(c,zsetLength(zobj));
}

void zscoreCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *zobj;
    double score;

    if ((zobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c,key,shared.null[c->resp])) == NULL ||
        checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    if (zsetScore(zobj,c->argv[2]->ptr,&score) == C_ERR) {
        addReplyNull(c);
    } else {
        addReplyDouble(c,score);
    }
}

void zmscoreCommand(client *c) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *zobj;
    double score;
    zobj = lookupKeyRead(c->db,key);
    if (checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    addReplyArrayLen(c,c->argc - 2);
    for (int j = 2; j < c->argc; j++) {
        /* Treat a missing set the same way as an empty set */
        if (zobj == NULL || zsetScore(zobj,c->argv[j]->ptr,&score) == C_ERR) {
            addReplyNull(c);
        } else {
            addReplyDouble(c,score);
        }
    }
}

void zrankGenericCommand(client *c, int reverse) {
    robj *key = c->argv[1];
    robj *ele = c->argv[2];
    robj *zobj;
    long rank;

    if ((zobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c,key,shared.null[c->resp])) == NULL ||
        checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;

    serverAssertWithInfo(c,ele,sdsEncodedObject(ele));
    rank = zsetRank(zobj,ele->ptr,reverse);
    if (rank >= 0) {
        addReplyLongLong(c,rank);
    } else {
        addReplyNull(c);
    }
}

void zrankCommand(client *c) {
    zrankGenericCommand(c, 0);
}

void zrevrankCommand(client *c) {
    zrankGenericCommand(c, 1);
}

void zscanCommand(client *c) {
    robj *o;
    unsigned long cursor;

    if (parseScanCursorOrReply(c,c->argv[2],&cursor) == C_ERR) return;
    if ((o = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c,c->argv[1],shared.emptyscan)) == NULL ||
        checkType(c,o,OBJ_ZSET)) return;
    scanGenericCommand(c,o,cursor);
}

/* This command implements the generic zpop operation, used by:
 * ZPOPMIN, ZPOPMAX, BZPOPMIN and BZPOPMAX. This function is also used
 * inside blocked.c in the unblocking stage of BZPOPMIN and BZPOPMAX.
 *
 * If 'emitkey' is true also the key name is emitted, useful for the blocking
 * behavior of BZPOP[MIN|MAX], since we can block into multiple keys.
 *
 * The synchronous version instead does not need to emit the key, but may
 * use the 'count' argument to return multiple items if available. */
void genericZpopCommand(client *c, robj **keyv, int keyc, int where, int emitkey, robj *countarg) {
    int idx;
    robj *key = NULL;
    robj *zobj = NULL;
    sds ele;
    double score;
    long count = 1;

    /* If a count argument as passed, parse it or return an error. */
    if (countarg) {
        if (getLongFromObjectOrReply(c,countarg,&count,NULL) != C_OK)
            return;
        if (count <= 0) {
            addReply(c,shared.emptyarray);
            return;
        }
    }

    /* Check type and break on the first error, otherwise identify candidate. */
    idx = 0;
    while (idx < keyc) {
        key = keyv[idx++];
        zobj = lookupKeyWrite(c->db,key);
        if (!zobj) continue;
        if (checkType(c,zobj,OBJ_ZSET)) return;
        break;
    }

    /* No candidate for zpopping, return empty. */
    if (!zobj) {
        addReply(c,shared.emptyarray);
        return;
    }

    void *arraylen_ptr = addReplyDeferredLen(c);
    long result_count = 0;

    /* We emit the key only for the blocking variant. */
    if (emitkey) addReplyBulk(c,key);

    /* Respond with a single (flat) array in RESP2 or if countarg is not
     * provided (returning a single element). In RESP3, when countarg is
     * provided, use nested array.  */
    int use_nested_array = c->resp > 2 && countarg != NULL;

    /* Remove the element. */
    do {
        if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
            unsigned char *zl = zobj->ptr;
            unsigned char *eptr, *sptr;
            unsigned char *vstr;
            unsigned int vlen;
            long long vlong;

            /* Get the first or last element in the sorted set. */
            eptr = ziplistIndex(zl,where == ZSET_MAX ? -2 : 0);
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,eptr != NULL);
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,ziplistGet(eptr,&vstr,&vlen,&vlong));
            if (vstr == NULL)
                ele = sdsfromlonglong(vlong);
            else
                ele = sdsnewlen(vstr,vlen);

            /* Get the score. */
            sptr = ziplistNext(zl,eptr);
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,sptr != NULL);
            score = zzlGetScore(sptr);
        } else if (zobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            zset *zs = zobj->ptr;
            zskiplist *zsl = zs->zsl;
            zskiplistNode *zln;

            /* Get the first or last element in the sorted set. */
            zln = (where == ZSET_MAX ? zsl->tail :
                                       zsl->header->level[0].forward);

            /* There must be an element in the sorted set. */
            serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,zln != NULL);
            ele = sdsdup(zln->ele);
            score = zln->score;
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }

        serverAssertWithInfo(c,zobj,zsetDel(zobj,ele));
        server.dirty++;

        if (result_count == 0) { /* Do this only for the first iteration. */
            char *events[2] = {"zpopmin","zpopmax"};
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_ZSET,events[where],key,c->db->id);
            signalModifiedKey(c,c->db,key);
        }

        if (use_nested_array) {
            addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
        }
        addReplyBulkCBuffer(c,ele,sdslen(ele));
        addReplyDouble(c,score);
        sdsfree(ele);
        ++result_count;

        /* Remove the key, if indeed needed. */
        if (zsetLength(zobj) == 0) {
            dbDelete(c->db,key);
            notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_GENERIC,"del",key,c->db->id);
            break;
        }
    } while(--count);

    if (!use_nested_array) {
        result_count *= 2;
    }
    setDeferredArrayLen(c,arraylen_ptr,result_count + (emitkey != 0));
}

/* ZPOPMIN key [<count>] */
void zpopminCommand(client *c) {
    if (c->argc > 3) {
        addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
        return;
    }
    genericZpopCommand(c,&c->argv[1],1,ZSET_MIN,0,
        c->argc == 3 ? c->argv[2] : NULL);
}

/* ZMAXPOP key [<count>] */
void zpopmaxCommand(client *c) {
    if (c->argc > 3) {
        addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
        return;
    }
    genericZpopCommand(c,&c->argv[1],1,ZSET_MAX,0,
        c->argc == 3 ? c->argv[2] : NULL);
}

/* BZPOPMIN / BZPOPMAX actual implementation. */
void blockingGenericZpopCommand(client *c, int where) {
    robj *o;
    mstime_t timeout;
    int j;

    if (getTimeoutFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[c->argc-1],&timeout,UNIT_SECONDS)
        != C_OK) return;

    for (j = 1; j < c->argc-1; j++) {
        o = lookupKeyWrite(c->db,c->argv[j]);
        if (checkType(c,o,OBJ_ZSET)) return;
        if (o != NULL) {
            if (zsetLength(o) != 0) {
                /* Non empty zset, this is like a normal ZPOP[MIN|MAX]. */
                genericZpopCommand(c,&c->argv[j],1,where,1,NULL);
                /* Replicate it as an ZPOP[MIN|MAX] instead of BZPOP[MIN|MAX]. */
                rewriteClientCommandVector(c,2,
                    where == ZSET_MAX ? shared.zpopmax : shared.zpopmin,
                    c->argv[j]);
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    /* If we are not allowed to block the client and the zset is empty the only thing
     * we can do is treating it as a timeout (even with timeout 0). */
    if (c->flags & CLIENT_DENY_BLOCKING) {
        addReplyNullArray(c);
        return;
    }

    /* If the keys do not exist we must block */
    blockForKeys(c,BLOCKED_ZSET,c->argv + 1,c->argc - 2,timeout,NULL,NULL,NULL);
}

// BZPOPMIN key [key ...] timeout
void bzpopminCommand(client *c) {
    blockingGenericZpopCommand(c,ZSET_MIN);
}

// BZPOPMAX key [key ...] timeout
void bzpopmaxCommand(client *c) {
    blockingGenericZpopCommand(c,ZSET_MAX);
}

static void zarndmemberReplyWithZiplist(client *c, unsigned int count, ziplistEntry *keys, ziplistEntry *vals) {
    for (unsigned long i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        if (vals && c->resp > 2)
            addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
        if (keys[i].sval)
            addReplyBulkCBuffer(c, keys[i].sval, keys[i].slen);
        else
            addReplyBulkLongLong(c, keys[i].lval);
        if (vals) {
            if (vals[i].sval) {
                addReplyDouble(c, zzlStrtod(vals[i].sval,vals[i].slen));
            } else
                addReplyDouble(c, vals[i].lval);
        }
    }
}

/* How many times bigger should be the zset compared to the requested size
 * for us to not use the "remove elements" strategy? Read later in the
 * implementation for more info. */
#define ZRANDMEMBER_SUB_STRATEGY_MUL 3

/* If client is trying to ask for a very large number of random elements,
 * queuing may consume an unlimited amount of memory, so we want to limit
 * the number of randoms per time. */
#define ZRANDMEMBER_RANDOM_SAMPLE_LIMIT 1000

void zrandmemberWithCountCommand(client *c, long l, int withscores) {
    unsigned long count, size;
    int uniq = 1;
    robj *zsetobj;

    if ((zsetobj = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c, c->argv[1], shared.null[c->resp]))
        == NULL || checkType(c, zsetobj, OBJ_ZSET)) return;
    size = zsetLength(zsetobj);

    if(l >= 0) {
        count = (unsigned long) l;
    } else {
        count = -l;
        uniq = 0;
    }

    /* If count is zero, serve it ASAP to avoid special cases later. */
    if (count == 0) {
        addReply(c,shared.emptyarray);
        return;
    }

    /* CASE 1: The count was negative, so the extraction method is just:
     * "return N random elements" sampling the whole set every time.
     * This case is trivial and can be served without auxiliary data
     * structures. This case is the only one that also needs to return the
     * elements in random order. */
    if (!uniq || count == 1) {
        if (withscores && c->resp == 2)
            addReplyArrayLen(c, count*2);
        else
            addReplyArrayLen(c, count);
        if (zsetobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            zset *zs = zsetobj->ptr;
            while (count--) {
                dictEntry *de = dictGetFairRandomKey(zs->dict);
                sds key = dictGetKey(de);
                if (withscores && c->resp > 2)
                    addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
                addReplyBulkCBuffer(c, key, sdslen(key));
                if (withscores)
                    addReplyDouble(c, dictGetDoubleVal(de));
            }
        } else if (zsetobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
            ziplistEntry *keys, *vals = NULL;
            unsigned long limit, sample_count;
            limit = count > ZRANDMEMBER_RANDOM_SAMPLE_LIMIT ? ZRANDMEMBER_RANDOM_SAMPLE_LIMIT : count;
            keys = zmalloc(sizeof(ziplistEntry)*limit);
            if (withscores)
                vals = zmalloc(sizeof(ziplistEntry)*limit);
            while (count) {
                sample_count = count > limit ? limit : count;
                count -= sample_count;
                ziplistRandomPairs(zsetobj->ptr, sample_count, keys, vals);
                zarndmemberReplyWithZiplist(c, sample_count, keys, vals);
            }
            zfree(keys);
            zfree(vals);
        }
        return;
    }

    zsetopsrc src;
    zsetopval zval;
    src.subject = zsetobj;
    src.type = zsetobj->type;
    src.encoding = zsetobj->encoding;
    zuiInitIterator(&src);
    memset(&zval, 0, sizeof(zval));

    /* Initiate reply count, RESP3 responds with nested array, RESP2 with flat one. */
    long reply_size = count < size ? count : size;
    if (withscores && c->resp == 2)
        addReplyArrayLen(c, reply_size*2);
    else
        addReplyArrayLen(c, reply_size);

    /* CASE 2:
    * The number of requested elements is greater than the number of
    * elements inside the zset: simply return the whole zset. */
    if (count >= size) {
        while (zuiNext(&src, &zval)) {
            if (withscores && c->resp > 2)
                addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
            addReplyBulkSds(c, zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval));
            if (withscores)
                addReplyDouble(c, zval.score);
        }
        zuiClearIterator(&src);
        return;
    }

    /* CASE 3:
     * The number of elements inside the zset is not greater than
     * ZRANDMEMBER_SUB_STRATEGY_MUL times the number of requested elements.
     * In this case we create a dict from scratch with all the elements, and
     * subtract random elements to reach the requested number of elements.
     *
     * This is done because if the number of requested elements is just
     * a bit less than the number of elements in the set, the natural approach
     * used into CASE 4 is highly inefficient. */
    if (count*ZRANDMEMBER_SUB_STRATEGY_MUL > size) {
        dict *d = dictCreate(&sdsReplyDictType, NULL);
        dictExpand(d, size);
        /* Add all the elements into the temporary dictionary. */
        while (zuiNext(&src, &zval)) {
            sds key = zuiNewSdsFromValue(&zval);
            dictEntry *de = dictAddRaw(d, key, NULL);
            serverAssert(de);
            if (withscores)
                dictSetDoubleVal(de, zval.score);
        }
        serverAssert(dictSize(d) == size);

        /* Remove random elements to reach the right count. */
        while (size > count) {
            dictEntry *de;
            de = dictGetRandomKey(d);
            dictUnlink(d,dictGetKey(de));
            sdsfree(dictGetKey(de));
            dictFreeUnlinkedEntry(d,de);
            size--;
        }

        /* Reply with what's in the dict and release memory */
        dictIterator *di;
        dictEntry *de;
        di = dictGetIterator(d);
        while ((de = dictNext(di)) != NULL) {
            if (withscores && c->resp > 2)
                addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
            addReplyBulkSds(c, dictGetKey(de));
            if (withscores)
                addReplyDouble(c, dictGetDoubleVal(de));
        }

        dictReleaseIterator(di);
        dictRelease(d);
    }

    /* CASE 4: We have a big zset compared to the requested number of elements.
     * In this case we can simply get random elements from the zset and add
     * to the temporary set, trying to eventually get enough unique elements
     * to reach the specified count. */
    else {
        if (zsetobj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
            /* it is inefficient to repeatedly pick one random element from a
             * ziplist. so we use this instead: */
            ziplistEntry *keys, *vals = NULL;
            keys = zmalloc(sizeof(ziplistEntry)*count);
            if (withscores)
                vals = zmalloc(sizeof(ziplistEntry)*count);
            serverAssert(ziplistRandomPairsUnique(zsetobj->ptr, count, keys, vals) == count);
            zarndmemberReplyWithZiplist(c, count, keys, vals);
            zfree(keys);
            zfree(vals);
            zuiClearIterator(&src);
            return;
        }

        /* Hashtable encoding (generic implementation) */
        unsigned long added = 0;
        dict *d = dictCreate(&hashDictType, NULL);
        dictExpand(d, count);

        while (added < count) {
            ziplistEntry key;
            double score;
            zsetTypeRandomElement(zsetobj, size, &key, withscores ? &score: NULL);

            /* Try to add the object to the dictionary. If it already exists
            * free it, otherwise increment the number of objects we have
            * in the result dictionary. */
            sds skey = zsetSdsFromZiplistEntry(&key);
            if (dictAdd(d,skey,NULL) != DICT_OK) {
                sdsfree(skey);
                continue;
            }
            added++;

            if (withscores && c->resp > 2)
                addReplyArrayLen(c,2);
            zsetReplyFromZiplistEntry(c, &key);
            if (withscores)
                addReplyDouble(c, score);
        }

        /* Release memory */
        dictRelease(d);
    }
    zuiClearIterator(&src);
}

/* ZRANDMEMBER [<count> WITHSCORES] */
void zrandmemberCommand(client *c) {
    long l;
    int withscores = 0;
    robj *zset;
    ziplistEntry ele;

    if (c->argc >= 3) {
        if (getLongFromObjectOrReply(c,c->argv[2],&l,NULL) != C_OK) return;
        if (c->argc > 4 || (c->argc == 4 && strcasecmp(c->argv[3]->ptr,"withscores"))) {
            addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
            return;
        } else if (c->argc == 4)
            withscores = 1;
        zrandmemberWithCountCommand(c, l, withscores);
        return;
    }

    /* Handle variant without <count> argument. Reply with simple bulk string */
    if ((zset = lookupKeyReadOrReply(c,c->argv[1],shared.null[c->resp]))== NULL ||
        checkType(c,zset,OBJ_ZSET)) {
        return;
    }

    zsetTypeRandomElement(zset, zsetLength(zset), &ele,NULL);
    zsetReplyFromZiplistEntry(c,&ele);
}