redict/src/rdb.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2012, Salvatore Sanfilippo <antirez at gmail dot com>
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *     documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *   * Neither the name of Redis nor the names of its contributors may be used
 *     to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
 *     specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
 * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include "server.h"
#include "lzf.h"    /* LZF compression library */
#include "zipmap.h"
#include "endianconv.h"

#include <math.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/param.h>

#define rdbExitReportCorruptRDB(reason) rdbCheckThenExit(reason, __LINE__);

void rdbCheckThenExit(char *reason, int where) {
    serverLog(LL_WARNING, "Corrupt RDB detected at rdb.c:%d (%s). "
        "Running 'redis-check-rdb %s'",
        where, reason, server.rdb_filename);
    redis_check_rdb(server.rdb_filename);
    exit(1);
}

static int rdbWriteRaw(rio *rdb, void *p, size_t len) {
    if (rdb && rioWrite(rdb,p,len) == 0)
        return -1;
    return len;
}

int rdbSaveType(rio *rdb, unsigned char type) {
    return rdbWriteRaw(rdb,&type,1);
}

/* Load a "type" in RDB format, that is a one byte unsigned integer.
 * This function is not only used to load object types, but also special
 * "types" like the end-of-file type, the EXPIRE type, and so forth. */
int rdbLoadType(rio *rdb) {
    unsigned char type;
    if (rioRead(rdb,&type,1) == 0) return -1;
    return type;
}

time_t rdbLoadTime(rio *rdb) {
    int32_t t32;
    if (rioRead(rdb,&t32,4) == 0) return -1;
    return (time_t)t32;
}

int rdbSaveMillisecondTime(rio *rdb, long long t) {
    int64_t t64 = (int64_t) t;
    return rdbWriteRaw(rdb,&t64,8);
}

long long rdbLoadMillisecondTime(rio *rdb) {
    int64_t t64;
    if (rioRead(rdb,&t64,8) == 0) return -1;
    return (long long)t64;
}

/* Saves an encoded length. The first two bits in the first byte are used to
 * hold the encoding type. See the RDB_* definitions for more information
 * on the types of encoding. */
int rdbSaveLen(rio *rdb, uint64_t len) {
    unsigned char buf[2];
    size_t nwritten;

    if (len < (1<<6)) {
        /* Save a 6 bit len */
        buf[0] = (len&0xFF)|(RDB_6BITLEN<<6);
        if (rdbWriteRaw(rdb,buf,1) == -1) return -1;
        nwritten = 1;
    } else if (len < (1<<14)) {
        /* Save a 14 bit len */
        buf[0] = ((len>>8)&0xFF)|(RDB_14BITLEN<<6);
        buf[1] = len&0xFF;
        if (rdbWriteRaw(rdb,buf,2) == -1) return -1;
        nwritten = 2;
    } else if (len <= UINT32_MAX) {
        /* Save a 32 bit len */
        buf[0] = RDB_32BITLEN;
        if (rdbWriteRaw(rdb,buf,1) == -1) return -1;
        uint32_t len32 = htonl(len);
        if (rdbWriteRaw(rdb,&len32,4) == -1) return -1;
        nwritten = 1+4;
    } else {
        /* Save a 64 bit len */
        buf[0] = RDB_64BITLEN;
        if (rdbWriteRaw(rdb,buf,1) == -1) return -1;
        len = htonu64(len);
        if (rdbWriteRaw(rdb,&len,8) == -1) return -1;
        nwritten = 1+8;
    }
    return nwritten;
}


/* Load an encoded length. If the loaded length is a normal length as stored
 * with rdbSaveLen(), the read length is set to '*lenptr'. If instead the
 * loaded length describes a special encoding that follows, then '*isencoded'
 * is set to 1 and the encoding format is stored at '*lenptr'.
 *
 * See the RDB_ENC_* definitions in rdb.h for more information on special
 * encodings.
 *
 * The function returns -1 on error, 0 on success. */
int rdbLoadLenByRef(rio *rdb, int *isencoded, uint64_t *lenptr) {
    unsigned char buf[2];
    int type;

    if (isencoded) *isencoded = 0;
    if (rioRead(rdb,buf,1) == 0) return -1;
    type = (buf[0]&0xC0)>>6;
    if (type == RDB_ENCVAL) {
        /* Read a 6 bit encoding type. */
        if (isencoded) *isencoded = 1;
        *lenptr = buf[0]&0x3F;
    } else if (type == RDB_6BITLEN) {
        /* Read a 6 bit len. */
        *lenptr = buf[0]&0x3F;
    } else if (type == RDB_14BITLEN) {
        /* Read a 14 bit len. */
        if (rioRead(rdb,buf+1,1) == 0) return -1;
        *lenptr = ((buf[0]&0x3F)<<8)|buf[1];
    } else if (buf[0] == RDB_32BITLEN) {
        /* Read a 32 bit len. */
        uint32_t len;
        if (rioRead(rdb,&len,4) == 0) return -1;
        *lenptr = ntohl(len);
    } else if (buf[0] == RDB_64BITLEN) {
        /* Read a 64 bit len. */
        uint64_t len;
        if (rioRead(rdb,&len,8) == 0) return -1;
        *lenptr = ntohu64(len);
    } else {
        rdbExitReportCorruptRDB("Unknown length encoding in rdbLoadLen()");
        return -1; /* Never reached. */
    }
    return 0;
}

/* This is like rdbLoadLenByRef() but directly returns the value read
 * from the RDB stream, signaling an error by returning RDB_LENERR
 * (since it is a too large count to be applicable in any Redis data
 * structure). */
uint64_t rdbLoadLen(rio *rdb, int *isencoded) {
    uint64_t len;

    if (rdbLoadLenByRef(rdb,isencoded,&len) == -1) return RDB_LENERR;
    return len;
}

/* Encodes the "value" argument as integer when it fits in the supported ranges
 * for encoded types. If the function successfully encodes the integer, the
 * representation is stored in the buffer pointer to by "enc" and the string
 * length is returned. Otherwise 0 is returned. */
int rdbEncodeInteger(long long value, unsigned char *enc) {
    if (value >= -(1<<7) && value <= (1<<7)-1) {
        enc[0] = (RDB_ENCVAL<<6)|RDB_ENC_INT8;
        enc[1] = value&0xFF;
        return 2;
    } else if (value >= -(1<<15) && value <= (1<<15)-1) {
        enc[0] = (RDB_ENCVAL<<6)|RDB_ENC_INT16;
        enc[1] = value&0xFF;
        enc[2] = (value>>8)&0xFF;
        return 3;
    } else if (value >= -((long long)1<<31) && value <= ((long long)1<<31)-1) {
        enc[0] = (RDB_ENCVAL<<6)|RDB_ENC_INT32;
        enc[1] = value&0xFF;
        enc[2] = (value>>8)&0xFF;
        enc[3] = (value>>16)&0xFF;
        enc[4] = (value>>24)&0xFF;
        return 5;
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}

/* Loads an integer-encoded object with the specified encoding type "enctype".
 * The returned value changes according to the flags, see
 * rdbGenerincLoadStringObject() for more info. */
void *rdbLoadIntegerObject(rio *rdb, int enctype, int flags, size_t *lenptr) {
    int plain = flags & RDB_LOAD_PLAIN;
    int sds = flags & RDB_LOAD_SDS;
    int encode = flags & RDB_LOAD_ENC;
    unsigned char enc[4];
    long long val;

    if (enctype == RDB_ENC_INT8) {
        if (rioRead(rdb,enc,1) == 0) return NULL;
        val = (signed char)enc[0];
    } else if (enctype == RDB_ENC_INT16) {
        uint16_t v;
        if (rioRead(rdb,enc,2) == 0) return NULL;
        v = enc[0]|(enc[1]<<8);
        val = (int16_t)v;
    } else if (enctype == RDB_ENC_INT32) {
        uint32_t v;
        if (rioRead(rdb,enc,4) == 0) return NULL;
        v = enc[0]|(enc[1]<<8)|(enc[2]<<16)|(enc[3]<<24);
        val = (int32_t)v;
    } else {
        val = 0; /* anti-warning */
        rdbExitReportCorruptRDB("Unknown RDB integer encoding type");
    }
    if (plain || sds) {
        char buf[LONG_STR_SIZE], *p;
        int len = ll2string(buf,sizeof(buf),val);
        if (lenptr) *lenptr = len;
        p = plain ? zmalloc(len) : sdsnewlen(NULL,len);
        memcpy(p,buf,len);
        return p;
    } else if (encode) {
        return createStringObjectFromLongLong(val);
    } else {
        return createObject(OBJ_STRING,sdsfromlonglong(val));
    }
}

/* String objects in the form "2391" "-100" without any space and with a
 * range of values that can fit in an 8, 16 or 32 bit signed value can be
 * encoded as integers to save space */
int rdbTryIntegerEncoding(char *s, size_t len, unsigned char *enc) {
    long long value;
    char *endptr, buf[32];

    /* Check if it's possible to encode this value as a number */
    value = strtoll(s, &endptr, 10);
    if (endptr[0] != '\0') return 0;
    ll2string(buf,32,value);

    /* If the number converted back into a string is not identical
     * then it's not possible to encode the string as integer */
    if (strlen(buf) != len || memcmp(buf,s,len)) return 0;

    return rdbEncodeInteger(value,enc);
}

ssize_t rdbSaveLzfBlob(rio *rdb, void *data, size_t compress_len,
                       size_t original_len) {
    unsigned char byte;
    ssize_t n, nwritten = 0;

    /* Data compressed! Let's save it on disk */
    byte = (RDB_ENCVAL<<6)|RDB_ENC_LZF;
    if ((n = rdbWriteRaw(rdb,&byte,1)) == -1) goto writeerr;
    nwritten += n;

    if ((n = rdbSaveLen(rdb,compress_len)) == -1) goto writeerr;
    nwritten += n;

    if ((n = rdbSaveLen(rdb,original_len)) == -1) goto writeerr;
    nwritten += n;

    if ((n = rdbWriteRaw(rdb,data,compress_len)) == -1) goto writeerr;
    nwritten += n;

    return nwritten;

writeerr:
    return -1;
}

ssize_t rdbSaveLzfStringObject(rio *rdb, unsigned char *s, size_t len) {
    size_t comprlen, outlen;
    void *out;

    /* We require at least four bytes compression for this to be worth it */
    if (len <= 4) return 0;
    outlen = len-4;
    if ((out = zmalloc(outlen+1)) == NULL) return 0;
    comprlen = lzf_compress(s, len, out, outlen);
    if (comprlen == 0) {
        zfree(out);
        return 0;
    }
    ssize_t nwritten = rdbSaveLzfBlob(rdb, out, comprlen, len);
    zfree(out);
    return nwritten;
}

/* Load an LZF compressed string in RDB format. The returned value
 * changes according to 'flags'. For more info check the
 * rdbGenericLoadStringObject() function. */
void *rdbLoadLzfStringObject(rio *rdb, int flags, size_t *lenptr) {
    int plain = flags & RDB_LOAD_PLAIN;
    int sds = flags & RDB_LOAD_SDS;
    uint64_t len, clen;
    unsigned char *c = NULL;
    char *val = NULL;

    if ((clen = rdbLoadLen(rdb,NULL)) == RDB_LENERR) return NULL;
    if ((len = rdbLoadLen(rdb,NULL)) == RDB_LENERR) return NULL;
    if ((c = zmalloc(clen)) == NULL) goto err;

    /* Allocate our target according to the uncompressed size. */
    if (plain) {
        val = zmalloc(len);
        if (lenptr) *lenptr = len;
    } else {
        val = sdsnewlen(NULL,len);
    }

    /* Load the compressed representation and uncompress it to target. */
    if (rioRead(rdb,c,clen) == 0) goto err;
    if (lzf_decompress(c,clen,val,len) == 0) goto err;
    zfree(c);

    if (plain || sds) {
        return val;
    } else {
        return createObject(OBJ_STRING,val);
    }
err:
    zfree(c);
    if (plain)
        zfree(val);
    else
        sdsfree(val);
    return NULL;
}

/* Save a string object as [len][data] on disk. If the object is a string
 * representation of an integer value we try to save it in a special form */
ssize_t rdbSaveRawString(rio *rdb, unsigned char *s, size_t len) {
    int enclen;
    ssize_t n, nwritten = 0;

    /* Try integer encoding */
    if (len <= 11) {
        unsigned char buf[5];
        if ((enclen = rdbTryIntegerEncoding((char*)s,len,buf)) > 0) {
            if (rdbWriteRaw(rdb,buf,enclen) == -1) return -1;
            return enclen;
        }
    }

    /* Try LZF compression - under 20 bytes it's unable to compress even
     * aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa so skip it */
    if (server.rdb_compression && len > 20) {
        n = rdbSaveLzfStringObject(rdb,s,len);
        if (n == -1) return -1;
        if (n > 0) return n;
        /* Return value of 0 means data can't be compressed, save the old way */
    }

    /* Store verbatim */
    if ((n = rdbSaveLen(rdb,len)) == -1) return -1;
    nwritten += n;
    if (len > 0) {
        if (rdbWriteRaw(rdb,s,len) == -1) return -1;
        nwritten += len;
    }
    return nwritten;
}

/* Save a long long value as either an encoded string or a string. */
ssize_t rdbSaveLongLongAsStringObject(rio *rdb, long long value) {
    unsigned char buf[32];
    ssize_t n, nwritten = 0;
    int enclen = rdbEncodeInteger(value,buf);
    if (enclen > 0) {
        return rdbWriteRaw(rdb,buf,enclen);
    } else {
        /* Encode as string */
        enclen = ll2string((char*)buf,32,value);
        serverAssert(enclen < 32);
        if ((n = rdbSaveLen(rdb,enclen)) == -1) return -1;
        nwritten += n;
        if ((n = rdbWriteRaw(rdb,buf,enclen)) == -1) return -1;
        nwritten += n;
    }
    return nwritten;
}

/* Like rdbSaveRawString() gets a Redis object instead. */
int rdbSaveStringObject(rio *rdb, robj *obj) {
    /* Avoid to decode the object, then encode it again, if the
     * object is already integer encoded. */
    if (obj->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INT) {
        return rdbSaveLongLongAsStringObject(rdb,(long)obj->ptr);
    } else {
        serverAssertWithInfo(NULL,obj,sdsEncodedObject(obj));
        return rdbSaveRawString(rdb,obj->ptr,sdslen(obj->ptr));
    }
}

/* Load a string object from an RDB file according to flags:
 *
 * RDB_LOAD_NONE (no flags): load an RDB object, unencoded.
 * RDB_LOAD_ENC: If the returned type is a Redis object, try to
 *               encode it in a special way to be more memory
 *               efficient. When this flag is passed the function
 *               no longer guarantees that obj->ptr is an SDS string.
 * RDB_LOAD_PLAIN: Return a plain string allocated with zmalloc()
 *                 instead of a Redis object with an sds in it.
 * RDB_LOAD_SDS: Return an SDS string instead of a Redis object.
 *
 * On I/O error NULL is returned.
 */
void *rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rio *rdb, int flags, size_t *lenptr) {
    int encode = flags & RDB_LOAD_ENC;
    int plain = flags & RDB_LOAD_PLAIN;
    int sds = flags & RDB_LOAD_SDS;
    int isencoded;
    uint64_t len;

    len = rdbLoadLen(rdb,&isencoded);
    if (isencoded) {
        switch(len) {
        case RDB_ENC_INT8:
        case RDB_ENC_INT16:
        case RDB_ENC_INT32:
            return rdbLoadIntegerObject(rdb,len,flags,lenptr);
        case RDB_ENC_LZF:
            return rdbLoadLzfStringObject(rdb,flags,lenptr);
        default:
            rdbExitReportCorruptRDB("Unknown RDB encoding type");
        }
    }

    if (len == RDB_LENERR) return NULL;
    if (plain || sds) {
        void *buf = plain ? zmalloc(len) : sdsnewlen(NULL,len);
        if (lenptr) *lenptr = len;
        if (len && rioRead(rdb,buf,len) == 0) {
            if (plain)
                zfree(buf);
            else
                sdsfree(buf);
            return NULL;
        }
        return buf;
    } else {
        robj *o = encode ? createStringObject(NULL,len) :
                           createRawStringObject(NULL,len);
        if (len && rioRead(rdb,o->ptr,len) == 0) {
            decrRefCount(o);
            return NULL;
        }
        return o;
    }
}

robj *rdbLoadStringObject(rio *rdb) {
    return rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rdb,RDB_LOAD_NONE,NULL);
}

robj *rdbLoadEncodedStringObject(rio *rdb) {
    return rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rdb,RDB_LOAD_ENC,NULL);
}

/* Save a double value. Doubles are saved as strings prefixed by an unsigned
 * 8 bit integer specifying the length of the representation.
 * This 8 bit integer has special values in order to specify the following
 * conditions:
 * 253: not a number
 * 254: + inf
 * 255: - inf
 */
int rdbSaveDoubleValue(rio *rdb, double val) {
    unsigned char buf[128];
    int len;

    if (isnan(val)) {
        buf[0] = 253;
        len = 1;
    } else if (!isfinite(val)) {
        len = 1;
        buf[0] = (val < 0) ? 255 : 254;
    } else {
#if (DBL_MANT_DIG >= 52) && (LLONG_MAX == 0x7fffffffffffffffLL)
        /* Check if the float is in a safe range to be casted into a
         * long long. We are assuming that long long is 64 bit here.
         * Also we are assuming that there are no implementations around where
         * double has precision < 52 bit.
         *
         * Under this assumptions we test if a double is inside an interval
         * where casting to long long is safe. Then using two castings we
         * make sure the decimal part is zero. If all this is true we use
         * integer printing function that is much faster. */
        double min = -4503599627370495; /* (2^52)-1 */
        double max = 4503599627370496; /* -(2^52) */
        if (val > min && val < max && val == ((double)((long long)val)))
            ll2string((char*)buf+1,sizeof(buf)-1,(long long)val);
        else
#endif
            snprintf((char*)buf+1,sizeof(buf)-1,"%.17g",val);
        buf[0] = strlen((char*)buf+1);
        len = buf[0]+1;
    }
    return rdbWriteRaw(rdb,buf,len);
}

/* For information about double serialization check rdbSaveDoubleValue() */
int rdbLoadDoubleValue(rio *rdb, double *val) {
    char buf[256];
    unsigned char len;

    if (rioRead(rdb,&len,1) == 0) return -1;
    switch(len) {
    case 255: *val = R_NegInf; return 0;
    case 254: *val = R_PosInf; return 0;
    case 253: *val = R_Nan; return 0;
    default:
        if (rioRead(rdb,buf,len) == 0) return -1;
        buf[len] = '\0';
        sscanf(buf, "%lg", val);
        return 0;
    }
}

/* Saves a double for RDB 8 or greater, where IE754 binary64 format is assumed.
 * We just make sure the integer is always stored in little endian, otherwise
 * the value is copied verbatim from memory to disk.
 *
 * Return -1 on error, the size of the serialized value on success. */
int rdbSaveBinaryDoubleValue(rio *rdb, double val) {
    memrev64ifbe(&val);
    return rdbWriteRaw(rdb,&val,8);
}

/* Loads a double from RDB 8 or greater. See rdbSaveBinaryDoubleValue() for
 * more info. On error -1 is returned, otherwise 0. */
int rdbLoadBinaryDoubleValue(rio *rdb, double *val) {
    if (rioRead(rdb,val,8) == 0) return -1;
    memrev64ifbe(val);
    return 0;
}

/* Save the object type of object "o". */
int rdbSaveObjectType(rio *rdb, robj *o) {
    switch (o->type) {
    case OBJ_STRING:
        return rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_TYPE_STRING);
    case OBJ_LIST:
        if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_QUICKLIST)
            return rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_TYPE_LIST_QUICKLIST);
        else
            serverPanic("Unknown list encoding");
    case OBJ_SET:
        if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET)
            return rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_TYPE_SET_INTSET);
        else if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT)
            return rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_TYPE_SET);
        else
            serverPanic("Unknown set encoding");
    case OBJ_ZSET:
        if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST)
            return rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_TYPE_ZSET_ZIPLIST);
        else if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST)
            return rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_TYPE_ZSET_2);
        else
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
    case OBJ_HASH:
        if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST)
            return rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPLIST);
        else if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT)
            return rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_TYPE_HASH);
        else
            serverPanic("Unknown hash encoding");
    case OBJ_MODULE:
        return rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_TYPE_MODULE);
    default:
        serverPanic("Unknown object type");
    }
    return -1; /* avoid warning */
}

/* Use rdbLoadType() to load a TYPE in RDB format, but returns -1 if the
 * type is not specifically a valid Object Type. */
int rdbLoadObjectType(rio *rdb) {
    int type;
    if ((type = rdbLoadType(rdb)) == -1) return -1;
    if (!rdbIsObjectType(type)) return -1;
    return type;
}

/* Save a Redis object. Returns -1 on error, number of bytes written on success. */
ssize_t rdbSaveObject(rio *rdb, robj *o) {
    ssize_t n = 0, nwritten = 0;

    if (o->type == OBJ_STRING) {
        /* Save a string value */
        if ((n = rdbSaveStringObject(rdb,o)) == -1) return -1;
        nwritten += n;
    } else if (o->type == OBJ_LIST) {
        /* Save a list value */
        if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_QUICKLIST) {
            quicklist *ql = o->ptr;
            quicklistNode *node = ql->head;

            if ((n = rdbSaveLen(rdb,ql->len)) == -1) return -1;
            nwritten += n;

            do {
                if (quicklistNodeIsCompressed(node)) {
                    void *data;
                    size_t compress_len = quicklistGetLzf(node, &data);
                    if ((n = rdbSaveLzfBlob(rdb,data,compress_len,node->sz)) == -1) return -1;
                    nwritten += n;
                } else {
                    if ((n = rdbSaveRawString(rdb,node->zl,node->sz)) == -1) return -1;
                    nwritten += n;
                }
            } while ((node = node->next));
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown list encoding");
        }
    } else if (o->type == OBJ_SET) {
        /* Save a set value */
        if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
            dict *set = o->ptr;
            dictIterator *di = dictGetIterator(set);
            dictEntry *de;

            if ((n = rdbSaveLen(rdb,dictSize(set))) == -1) return -1;
            nwritten += n;

            while((de = dictNext(di)) != NULL) {
                sds ele = dictGetKey(de);
                if ((n = rdbSaveRawString(rdb,(unsigned char*)ele,sdslen(ele)))
                    == -1) return -1;
                nwritten += n;
            }
            dictReleaseIterator(di);
        } else if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET) {
            size_t l = intsetBlobLen((intset*)o->ptr);

            if ((n = rdbSaveRawString(rdb,o->ptr,l)) == -1) return -1;
            nwritten += n;
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown set encoding");
        }
    } else if (o->type == OBJ_ZSET) {
        /* Save a sorted set value */
        if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
            size_t l = ziplistBlobLen((unsigned char*)o->ptr);

            if ((n = rdbSaveRawString(rdb,o->ptr,l)) == -1) return -1;
            nwritten += n;
        } else if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST) {
            zset *zs = o->ptr;
            dictIterator *di = dictGetIterator(zs->dict);
            dictEntry *de;

            if ((n = rdbSaveLen(rdb,dictSize(zs->dict))) == -1) return -1;
            nwritten += n;

            while((de = dictNext(di)) != NULL) {
                sds ele = dictGetKey(de);
                double *score = dictGetVal(de);

                if ((n = rdbSaveRawString(rdb,(unsigned char*)ele,sdslen(ele)))
                    == -1) return -1;
                nwritten += n;
                if ((n = rdbSaveBinaryDoubleValue(rdb,*score)) == -1) return -1;
                nwritten += n;
            }
            dictReleaseIterator(di);
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown sorted set encoding");
        }
    } else if (o->type == OBJ_HASH) {
        /* Save a hash value */
        if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST) {
            size_t l = ziplistBlobLen((unsigned char*)o->ptr);

            if ((n = rdbSaveRawString(rdb,o->ptr,l)) == -1) return -1;
            nwritten += n;

        } else if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
            dictIterator *di = dictGetIterator(o->ptr);
            dictEntry *de;

            if ((n = rdbSaveLen(rdb,dictSize((dict*)o->ptr))) == -1) return -1;
            nwritten += n;

            while((de = dictNext(di)) != NULL) {
                sds field = dictGetKey(de);
                sds value = dictGetVal(de);

                if ((n = rdbSaveRawString(rdb,(unsigned char*)field,
                        sdslen(field))) == -1) return -1;
                nwritten += n;
                if ((n = rdbSaveRawString(rdb,(unsigned char*)value,
                        sdslen(value))) == -1) return -1;
                nwritten += n;
            }
            dictReleaseIterator(di);
        } else {
            serverPanic("Unknown hash encoding");
        }

    } else if (o->type == OBJ_MODULE) {
        /* Save a module-specific value. */
        RedisModuleIO io;
        moduleValue *mv = o->ptr;
        moduleType *mt = mv->type;
        moduleInitIOContext(io,mt,rdb);

        /* Write the "module" identifier as prefix, so that we'll be able
         * to call the right module during loading. */
        int retval = rdbSaveLen(rdb,mt->id);
        if (retval == -1) return -1;
        io.bytes += retval;

        /* Then write the module-specific representation. */
        mt->rdb_save(&io,mv->value);
        return io.error ? -1 : io.bytes;
    } else {
        serverPanic("Unknown object type");
    }
    return nwritten;
}

/* Return the length the object will have on disk if saved with
 * the rdbSaveObject() function. Currently we use a trick to get
 * this length with very little changes to the code. In the future
 * we could switch to a faster solution. */
size_t rdbSavedObjectLen(robj *o) {
    ssize_t len = rdbSaveObject(NULL,o);
    serverAssertWithInfo(NULL,o,len != -1);
    return len;
}

/* Save a key-value pair, with expire time, type, key, value.
 * On error -1 is returned.
 * On success if the key was actually saved 1 is returned, otherwise 0
 * is returned (the key was already expired). */
int rdbSaveKeyValuePair(rio *rdb, robj *key, robj *val,
                        long long expiretime, long long now)
{
    /* Save the expire time */
    if (expiretime != -1) {
        /* If this key is already expired skip it */
        if (expiretime < now) return 0;
        if (rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_OPCODE_EXPIRETIME_MS) == -1) return -1;
        if (rdbSaveMillisecondTime(rdb,expiretime) == -1) return -1;
    }

    /* Save type, key, value */
    if (rdbSaveObjectType(rdb,val) == -1) return -1;
    if (rdbSaveStringObject(rdb,key) == -1) return -1;
    if (rdbSaveObject(rdb,val) == -1) return -1;
    return 1;
}

/* Save an AUX field. */
int rdbSaveAuxField(rio *rdb, void *key, size_t keylen, void *val, size_t vallen) {
    if (rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_OPCODE_AUX) == -1) return -1;
    if (rdbSaveRawString(rdb,key,keylen) == -1) return -1;
    if (rdbSaveRawString(rdb,val,vallen) == -1) return -1;
    return 1;
}

/* Wrapper for rdbSaveAuxField() used when key/val length can be obtained
 * with strlen(). */
int rdbSaveAuxFieldStrStr(rio *rdb, char *key, char *val) {
    return rdbSaveAuxField(rdb,key,strlen(key),val,strlen(val));
}

/* Wrapper for strlen(key) + integer type (up to long long range). */
int rdbSaveAuxFieldStrInt(rio *rdb, char *key, long long val) {
    char buf[LONG_STR_SIZE];
    int vlen = ll2string(buf,sizeof(buf),val);
    return rdbSaveAuxField(rdb,key,strlen(key),buf,vlen);
}

/* Save a few default AUX fields with information about the RDB generated. */
int rdbSaveInfoAuxFields(rio *rdb) {
    int redis_bits = (sizeof(void*) == 8) ? 64 : 32;

    /* Add a few fields about the state when the RDB was created. */
    if (rdbSaveAuxFieldStrStr(rdb,"redis-ver",REDIS_VERSION) == -1) return -1;
    if (rdbSaveAuxFieldStrInt(rdb,"redis-bits",redis_bits) == -1) return -1;
    if (rdbSaveAuxFieldStrInt(rdb,"ctime",time(NULL)) == -1) return -1;
    if (rdbSaveAuxFieldStrInt(rdb,"used-mem",zmalloc_used_memory()) == -1) return -1;
    return 1;
}

/* Produces a dump of the database in RDB format sending it to the specified
 * Redis I/O channel. On success C_OK is returned, otherwise C_ERR
 * is returned and part of the output, or all the output, can be
 * missing because of I/O errors.
 *
 * When the function returns C_ERR and if 'error' is not NULL, the
 * integer pointed by 'error' is set to the value of errno just after the I/O
 * error. */
int rdbSaveRio(rio *rdb, int *error) {
    dictIterator *di = NULL;
    dictEntry *de;
    char magic[10];
    int j;
    long long now = mstime();
    uint64_t cksum;

    if (server.rdb_checksum)
        rdb->update_cksum = rioGenericUpdateChecksum;
    snprintf(magic,sizeof(magic),"REDIS%04d",RDB_VERSION);
    if (rdbWriteRaw(rdb,magic,9) == -1) goto werr;
    if (rdbSaveInfoAuxFields(rdb) == -1) goto werr;

    for (j = 0; j < server.dbnum; j++) {
        redisDb *db = server.db+j;
        dict *d = db->dict;
        if (dictSize(d) == 0) continue;
        di = dictGetSafeIterator(d);
        if (!di) return C_ERR;

        /* Write the SELECT DB opcode */
        if (rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_OPCODE_SELECTDB) == -1) goto werr;
        if (rdbSaveLen(rdb,j) == -1) goto werr;

        /* Write the RESIZE DB opcode. We trim the size to UINT32_MAX, which
         * is currently the largest type we are able to represent in RDB sizes.
         * However this does not limit the actual size of the DB to load since
         * these sizes are just hints to resize the hash tables. */
        uint32_t db_size, expires_size;
        db_size = (dictSize(db->dict) <= UINT32_MAX) ?
                                dictSize(db->dict) :
                                UINT32_MAX;
        expires_size = (dictSize(db->expires) <= UINT32_MAX) ?
                                dictSize(db->expires) :
                                UINT32_MAX;
        if (rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_OPCODE_RESIZEDB) == -1) goto werr;
        if (rdbSaveLen(rdb,db_size) == -1) goto werr;
        if (rdbSaveLen(rdb,expires_size) == -1) goto werr;

        /* Iterate this DB writing every entry */
        while((de = dictNext(di)) != NULL) {
            sds keystr = dictGetKey(de);
            robj key, *o = dictGetVal(de);
            long long expire;

            initStaticStringObject(key,keystr);
            expire = getExpire(db,&key);
            if (rdbSaveKeyValuePair(rdb,&key,o,expire,now) == -1) goto werr;
        }
        dictReleaseIterator(di);
    }
    di = NULL; /* So that we don't release it again on error. */

    /* EOF opcode */
    if (rdbSaveType(rdb,RDB_OPCODE_EOF) == -1) goto werr;

    /* CRC64 checksum. It will be zero if checksum computation is disabled, the
     * loading code skips the check in this case. */
    cksum = rdb->cksum;
    memrev64ifbe(&cksum);
    if (rioWrite(rdb,&cksum,8) == 0) goto werr;
    return C_OK;

werr:
    if (error) *error = errno;
    if (di) dictReleaseIterator(di);
    return C_ERR;
}

/* This is just a wrapper to rdbSaveRio() that additionally adds a prefix
 * and a suffix to the generated RDB dump. The prefix is:
 *
 * $EOF:<40 bytes unguessable hex string>\r\n
 *
 * While the suffix is the 40 bytes hex string we announced in the prefix.
 * This way processes receiving the payload can understand when it ends
 * without doing any processing of the content. */
int rdbSaveRioWithEOFMark(rio *rdb, int *error) {
    char eofmark[RDB_EOF_MARK_SIZE];

    getRandomHexChars(eofmark,RDB_EOF_MARK_SIZE);
    if (error) *error = 0;
    if (rioWrite(rdb,"$EOF:",5) == 0) goto werr;
    if (rioWrite(rdb,eofmark,RDB_EOF_MARK_SIZE) == 0) goto werr;
    if (rioWrite(rdb,"\r\n",2) == 0) goto werr;
    if (rdbSaveRio(rdb,error) == C_ERR) goto werr;
    if (rioWrite(rdb,eofmark,RDB_EOF_MARK_SIZE) == 0) goto werr;
    return C_OK;

werr: /* Write error. */
    /* Set 'error' only if not already set by rdbSaveRio() call. */
    if (error && *error == 0) *error = errno;
    return C_ERR;
}

/* Save the DB on disk. Return C_ERR on error, C_OK on success. */
int rdbSave(char *filename) {
    char tmpfile[256];
    char cwd[MAXPATHLEN]; /* Current working dir path for error messages. */
    FILE *fp;
    rio rdb;
    int error = 0;

    snprintf(tmpfile,256,"temp-%d.rdb", (int) getpid());
    fp = fopen(tmpfile,"w");
    if (!fp) {
        char *cwdp = getcwd(cwd,MAXPATHLEN);
        serverLog(LL_WARNING,
            "Failed opening the RDB file %s (in server root dir %s) "
            "for saving: %s",
            filename,
            cwdp ? cwdp : "unknown",
            strerror(errno));
        return C_ERR;
    }

    rioInitWithFile(&rdb,fp);
    if (rdbSaveRio(&rdb,&error) == C_ERR) {
        errno = error;
        goto werr;
    }

    /* Make sure data will not remain on the OS's output buffers */
    if (fflush(fp) == EOF) goto werr;
    if (fsync(fileno(fp)) == -1) goto werr;
    if (fclose(fp) == EOF) goto werr;

    /* Use RENAME to make sure the DB file is changed atomically only
     * if the generate DB file is ok. */
    if (rename(tmpfile,filename) == -1) {
        char *cwdp = getcwd(cwd,MAXPATHLEN);
        serverLog(LL_WARNING,
            "Error moving temp DB file %s on the final "
            "destination %s (in server root dir %s): %s",
            tmpfile,
            filename,
            cwdp ? cwdp : "unknown",
            strerror(errno));
        unlink(tmpfile);
        return C_ERR;
    }

    serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"DB saved on disk");
    server.dirty = 0;
    server.lastsave = time(NULL);
    server.lastbgsave_status = C_OK;
    return C_OK;

werr:
    serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Write error saving DB on disk: %s", strerror(errno));
    fclose(fp);
    unlink(tmpfile);
    return C_ERR;
}

int rdbSaveBackground(char *filename) {
    pid_t childpid;
    long long start;

    if (server.rdb_child_pid != -1) return C_ERR;

    server.dirty_before_bgsave = server.dirty;
    server.lastbgsave_try = time(NULL);

    start = ustime();
    if ((childpid = fork()) == 0) {
        int retval;

        /* Child */
        closeListeningSockets(0);
        redisSetProcTitle("redis-rdb-bgsave");
        retval = rdbSave(filename);
        if (retval == C_OK) {
            size_t private_dirty = zmalloc_get_private_dirty();

            if (private_dirty) {
                serverLog(LL_NOTICE,
                    "RDB: %zu MB of memory used by copy-on-write",
                    private_dirty/(1024*1024));
            }
        }
        exitFromChild((retval == C_OK) ? 0 : 1);
    } else {
        /* Parent */
        server.stat_fork_time = ustime()-start;
        server.stat_fork_rate = (double) zmalloc_used_memory() * 1000000 / server.stat_fork_time / (1024*1024*1024); /* GB per second. */
        latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("fork",server.stat_fork_time/1000);
        if (childpid == -1) {
            server.lastbgsave_status = C_ERR;
            serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't save in background: fork: %s",
                strerror(errno));
            return C_ERR;
        }
        serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"Background saving started by pid %d",childpid);
        server.rdb_save_time_start = time(NULL);
        server.rdb_child_pid = childpid;
        server.rdb_child_type = RDB_CHILD_TYPE_DISK;
        updateDictResizePolicy();
        return C_OK;
    }
    return C_OK; /* unreached */
}

void rdbRemoveTempFile(pid_t childpid) {
    char tmpfile[256];

    snprintf(tmpfile,sizeof(tmpfile),"temp-%d.rdb", (int) childpid);
    unlink(tmpfile);
}

/* Load a Redis object of the specified type from the specified file.
 * On success a newly allocated object is returned, otherwise NULL. */
robj *rdbLoadObject(int rdbtype, rio *rdb) {
    robj *o = NULL, *ele, *dec;
    size_t len;
    unsigned int i;

    if (rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_STRING) {
        /* Read string value */
        if ((o = rdbLoadEncodedStringObject(rdb)) == NULL) return NULL;
        o = tryObjectEncoding(o);
    } else if (rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_LIST) {
        /* Read list value */
        if ((len = rdbLoadLen(rdb,NULL)) == RDB_LENERR) return NULL;

        o = createQuicklistObject();
        quicklistSetOptions(o->ptr, server.list_max_ziplist_size,
                            server.list_compress_depth);

        /* Load every single element of the list */
        while(len--) {
            if ((ele = rdbLoadEncodedStringObject(rdb)) == NULL) return NULL;
            dec = getDecodedObject(ele);
            size_t len = sdslen(dec->ptr);
            quicklistPushTail(o->ptr, dec->ptr, len);
            decrRefCount(dec);
            decrRefCount(ele);
        }
    } else if (rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_SET) {
        /* Read Set value */
        if ((len = rdbLoadLen(rdb,NULL)) == RDB_LENERR) return NULL;

        /* Use a regular set when there are too many entries. */
        if (len > server.set_max_intset_entries) {
            o = createSetObject();
            /* It's faster to expand the dict to the right size asap in order
             * to avoid rehashing */
            if (len > DICT_HT_INITIAL_SIZE)
                dictExpand(o->ptr,len);
        } else {
            o = createIntsetObject();
        }

        /* Load every single element of the set */
        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            long long llval;
            sds sdsele;

            if ((sdsele = rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rdb,RDB_LOAD_SDS,NULL))
                == NULL) return NULL;

            if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET) {
                /* Fetch integer value from element. */
                if (isSdsRepresentableAsLongLong(sdsele,&llval) == C_OK) {
                    o->ptr = intsetAdd(o->ptr,llval,NULL);
                } else {
                    setTypeConvert(o,OBJ_ENCODING_HT);
                    dictExpand(o->ptr,len);
                }
            }

            /* This will also be called when the set was just converted
             * to a regular hash table encoded set. */
            if (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT) {
                dictAdd((dict*)o->ptr,sdsele,NULL);
            } else {
                sdsfree(sdsele);
            }
        }
    } else if (rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_ZSET_2 || rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_ZSET) {
        /* Read list/set value. */
        size_t zsetlen;
        size_t maxelelen = 0;
        zset *zs;

        if ((zsetlen = rdbLoadLen(rdb,NULL)) == RDB_LENERR) return NULL;
        o = createZsetObject();
        zs = o->ptr;

        /* Load every single element of the sorted set. */
        while(zsetlen--) {
            sds sdsele;
            double score;
            zskiplistNode *znode;

            if ((sdsele = rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rdb,RDB_LOAD_SDS,NULL))
                == NULL) return NULL;

            if (rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_ZSET_2) {
                if (rdbLoadBinaryDoubleValue(rdb,&score) == -1) return NULL;
            } else {
                if (rdbLoadDoubleValue(rdb,&score) == -1) return NULL;
            }

            /* Don't care about integer-encoded strings. */
            if (sdslen(sdsele) > maxelelen) maxelelen = sdslen(sdsele);

            znode = zslInsert(zs->zsl,score,sdsele);
            dictAdd(zs->dict,sdsele,&znode->score);
        }

        /* Convert *after* loading, since sorted sets are not stored ordered. */
        if (zsetLength(o) <= server.zset_max_ziplist_entries &&
            maxelelen <= server.zset_max_ziplist_value)
                zsetConvert(o,OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST);
    } else if (rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_HASH) {
        size_t len;
        int ret;
        sds field, value;

        len = rdbLoadLen(rdb, NULL);
        if (len == RDB_LENERR) return NULL;

        o = createHashObject();

        /* Too many entries? Use a hash table. */
        if (len > server.hash_max_ziplist_entries)
            hashTypeConvert(o, OBJ_ENCODING_HT);

        /* Load every field and value into the ziplist */
        while (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST && len > 0) {
            len--;
            /* Load raw strings */
            if ((field = rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rdb,RDB_LOAD_SDS,NULL))
                == NULL) return NULL;
            if ((value = rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rdb,RDB_LOAD_SDS,NULL))
                == NULL) return NULL;

            /* Add pair to ziplist */
            o->ptr = ziplistPush(o->ptr, (unsigned char*)field,
                    sdslen(field), ZIPLIST_TAIL);
            o->ptr = ziplistPush(o->ptr, (unsigned char*)value,
                    sdslen(value), ZIPLIST_TAIL);

            /* Convert to hash table if size threshold is exceeded */
            if (sdslen(field) > server.hash_max_ziplist_value ||
                sdslen(value) > server.hash_max_ziplist_value)
            {
                sdsfree(field);
                sdsfree(value);
                hashTypeConvert(o, OBJ_ENCODING_HT);
                break;
            }
            sdsfree(field);
            sdsfree(value);
        }

        /* Load remaining fields and values into the hash table */
        while (o->encoding == OBJ_ENCODING_HT && len > 0) {
            len--;
            /* Load encoded strings */
            if ((field = rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rdb,RDB_LOAD_SDS,NULL))
                == NULL) return NULL;
            if ((value = rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rdb,RDB_LOAD_SDS,NULL))
                == NULL) return NULL;

            /* Add pair to hash table */
            ret = dictAdd((dict*)o->ptr, field, value);
            if (ret == DICT_ERR) {
                rdbExitReportCorruptRDB("Duplicate keys detected");
            }
        }

        /* All pairs should be read by now */
        serverAssert(len == 0);
    } else if (rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_LIST_QUICKLIST) {
        if ((len = rdbLoadLen(rdb,NULL)) == RDB_LENERR) return NULL;
        o = createQuicklistObject();
        quicklistSetOptions(o->ptr, server.list_max_ziplist_size,
                            server.list_compress_depth);

        while (len--) {
            unsigned char *zl =
                rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rdb,RDB_LOAD_PLAIN,NULL);
            if (zl == NULL) return NULL;
            quicklistAppendZiplist(o->ptr, zl);
        }
    } else if (rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPMAP  ||
               rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_LIST_ZIPLIST ||
               rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_SET_INTSET   ||
               rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_ZSET_ZIPLIST ||
               rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPLIST)
    {
        unsigned char *encoded =
            rdbGenericLoadStringObject(rdb,RDB_LOAD_PLAIN,NULL);
        if (encoded == NULL) return NULL;
        o = createObject(OBJ_STRING,encoded); /* Obj type fixed below. */

        /* Fix the object encoding, and make sure to convert the encoded
         * data type into the base type if accordingly to the current
         * configuration there are too many elements in the encoded data
         * type. Note that we only check the length and not max element
         * size as this is an O(N) scan. Eventually everything will get
         * converted. */
        switch(rdbtype) {
            case RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPMAP:
                /* Convert to ziplist encoded hash. This must be deprecated
                 * when loading dumps created by Redis 2.4 gets deprecated. */
                {
                    unsigned char *zl = ziplistNew();
                    unsigned char *zi = zipmapRewind(o->ptr);
                    unsigned char *fstr, *vstr;
                    unsigned int flen, vlen;
                    unsigned int maxlen = 0;

                    while ((zi = zipmapNext(zi, &fstr, &flen, &vstr, &vlen)) != NULL) {
                        if (flen > maxlen) maxlen = flen;
                        if (vlen > maxlen) maxlen = vlen;
                        zl = ziplistPush(zl, fstr, flen, ZIPLIST_TAIL);
                        zl = ziplistPush(zl, vstr, vlen, ZIPLIST_TAIL);
                    }

                    zfree(o->ptr);
                    o->ptr = zl;
                    o->type = OBJ_HASH;
                    o->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST;

                    if (hashTypeLength(o) > server.hash_max_ziplist_entries ||
                        maxlen > server.hash_max_ziplist_value)
                    {
                        hashTypeConvert(o, OBJ_ENCODING_HT);
                    }
                }
                break;
            case RDB_TYPE_LIST_ZIPLIST:
                o->type = OBJ_LIST;
                o->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST;
                listTypeConvert(o,OBJ_ENCODING_QUICKLIST);
                break;
            case RDB_TYPE_SET_INTSET:
                o->type = OBJ_SET;
                o->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_INTSET;
                if (intsetLen(o->ptr) > server.set_max_intset_entries)
                    setTypeConvert(o,OBJ_ENCODING_HT);
                break;
            case RDB_TYPE_ZSET_ZIPLIST:
                o->type = OBJ_ZSET;
                o->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST;
                if (zsetLength(o) > server.zset_max_ziplist_entries)
                    zsetConvert(o,OBJ_ENCODING_SKIPLIST);
                break;
            case RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPLIST:
                o->type = OBJ_HASH;
                o->encoding = OBJ_ENCODING_ZIPLIST;
                if (hashTypeLength(o) > server.hash_max_ziplist_entries)
                    hashTypeConvert(o, OBJ_ENCODING_HT);
                break;
            default:
                rdbExitReportCorruptRDB("Unknown encoding");
                break;
        }
    } else if (rdbtype == RDB_TYPE_MODULE) {
        uint64_t moduleid = rdbLoadLen(rdb,NULL);
        moduleType *mt = moduleTypeLookupModuleByID(moduleid);
        char name[10];

        if (mt == NULL) {
            moduleTypeNameByID(name,moduleid);
            serverLog(LL_WARNING,"The RDB file contains module data I can't load: no matching module '%s'", name);
            exit(1);
        }
        RedisModuleIO io;
        moduleInitIOContext(io,mt,rdb);
        /* Call the rdb_load method of the module providing the 10 bit
         * encoding version in the lower 10 bits of the module ID. */
        void *ptr = mt->rdb_load(&io,moduleid&1023);
        if (ptr == NULL) {
            moduleTypeNameByID(name,moduleid);
            serverLog(LL_WARNING,"The RDB file contains module data for the module type '%s', that the responsible module is not able to load. Check for modules log above for additional clues.", name);
            exit(1);
        }
        o = createModuleObject(mt,ptr);
    } else {
        rdbExitReportCorruptRDB("Unknown object type");
    }
    return o;
}

/* Mark that we are loading in the global state and setup the fields
 * needed to provide loading stats. */
void startLoading(FILE *fp) {
    struct stat sb;

    /* Load the DB */
    server.loading = 1;
    server.loading_start_time = time(NULL);
    server.loading_loaded_bytes = 0;
    if (fstat(fileno(fp), &sb) == -1) {
        server.loading_total_bytes = 0;
    } else {
        server.loading_total_bytes = sb.st_size;
    }
}

/* Refresh the loading progress info */
void loadingProgress(off_t pos) {
    server.loading_loaded_bytes = pos;
    if (server.stat_peak_memory < zmalloc_used_memory())
        server.stat_peak_memory = zmalloc_used_memory();
}

/* Loading finished */
void stopLoading(void) {
    server.loading = 0;
}

/* Track loading progress in order to serve client's from time to time
   and if needed calculate rdb checksum  */
void rdbLoadProgressCallback(rio *r, const void *buf, size_t len) {
    if (server.rdb_checksum)
        rioGenericUpdateChecksum(r, buf, len);
    if (server.loading_process_events_interval_bytes &&
        (r->processed_bytes + len)/server.loading_process_events_interval_bytes > r->processed_bytes/server.loading_process_events_interval_bytes)
    {
        /* The DB can take some non trivial amount of time to load. Update
         * our cached time since it is used to create and update the last
         * interaction time with clients and for other important things. */
        updateCachedTime();
        if (server.masterhost && server.repl_state == REPL_STATE_TRANSFER)
            replicationSendNewlineToMaster();
        loadingProgress(r->processed_bytes);
        processEventsWhileBlocked();
    }
}

int rdbLoad(char *filename) {
    uint64_t dbid;
    int type, rdbver;
    redisDb *db = server.db+0;
    char buf[1024];
    long long expiretime, now = mstime();
    FILE *fp;
    rio rdb;

    if ((fp = fopen(filename,"r")) == NULL) return C_ERR;

    rioInitWithFile(&rdb,fp);
    rdb.update_cksum = rdbLoadProgressCallback;
    rdb.max_processing_chunk = server.loading_process_events_interval_bytes;
    if (rioRead(&rdb,buf,9) == 0) goto eoferr;
    buf[9] = '\0';
    if (memcmp(buf,"REDIS",5) != 0) {
        fclose(fp);
        serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Wrong signature trying to load DB from file");
        errno = EINVAL;
        return C_ERR;
    }
    rdbver = atoi(buf+5);
    if (rdbver < 1 || rdbver > RDB_VERSION) {
        fclose(fp);
        serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't handle RDB format version %d",rdbver);
        errno = EINVAL;
        return C_ERR;
    }

    startLoading(fp);
    while(1) {
        robj *key, *val;
        expiretime = -1;

        /* Read type. */
        if ((type = rdbLoadType(&rdb)) == -1) goto eoferr;

        /* Handle special types. */
        if (type == RDB_OPCODE_EXPIRETIME) {
            /* EXPIRETIME: load an expire associated with the next key
             * to load. Note that after loading an expire we need to
             * load the actual type, and continue. */
            if ((expiretime = rdbLoadTime(&rdb)) == -1) goto eoferr;
            /* We read the time so we need to read the object type again. */
            if ((type = rdbLoadType(&rdb)) == -1) goto eoferr;
            /* the EXPIRETIME opcode specifies time in seconds, so convert
             * into milliseconds. */
            expiretime *= 1000;
        } else if (type == RDB_OPCODE_EXPIRETIME_MS) {
            /* EXPIRETIME_MS: milliseconds precision expire times introduced
             * with RDB v3. Like EXPIRETIME but no with more precision. */
            if ((expiretime = rdbLoadMillisecondTime(&rdb)) == -1) goto eoferr;
            /* We read the time so we need to read the object type again. */
            if ((type = rdbLoadType(&rdb)) == -1) goto eoferr;
        } else if (type == RDB_OPCODE_EOF) {
            /* EOF: End of file, exit the main loop. */
            break;
        } else if (type == RDB_OPCODE_SELECTDB) {
            /* SELECTDB: Select the specified database. */
            if ((dbid = rdbLoadLen(&rdb,NULL)) == RDB_LENERR)
                goto eoferr;
            if (dbid >= (unsigned)server.dbnum) {
                serverLog(LL_WARNING,
                    "FATAL: Data file was created with a Redis "
                    "server configured to handle more than %d "
                    "databases. Exiting\n", server.dbnum);
                exit(1);
            }
            db = server.db+dbid;
            continue; /* Read type again. */
        } else if (type == RDB_OPCODE_RESIZEDB) {
            /* RESIZEDB: Hint about the size of the keys in the currently
             * selected data base, in order to avoid useless rehashing. */
            uint64_t db_size, expires_size;
            if ((db_size = rdbLoadLen(&rdb,NULL)) == RDB_LENERR)
                goto eoferr;
            if ((expires_size = rdbLoadLen(&rdb,NULL)) == RDB_LENERR)
                goto eoferr;
            dictExpand(db->dict,db_size);
            dictExpand(db->expires,expires_size);
            continue; /* Read type again. */
        } else if (type == RDB_OPCODE_AUX) {
            /* AUX: generic string-string fields. Use to add state to RDB
             * which is backward compatible. Implementations of RDB loading
             * are requierd to skip AUX fields they don't understand.
             *
             * An AUX field is composed of two strings: key and value. */
            robj *auxkey, *auxval;
            if ((auxkey = rdbLoadStringObject(&rdb)) == NULL) goto eoferr;
            if ((auxval = rdbLoadStringObject(&rdb)) == NULL) goto eoferr;

            if (((char*)auxkey->ptr)[0] == '%') {
                /* All the fields with a name staring with '%' are considered
                 * information fields and are logged at startup with a log
                 * level of NOTICE. */
                serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"RDB '%s': %s",
                    (char*)auxkey->ptr,
                    (char*)auxval->ptr);
            } else {
                /* We ignore fields we don't understand, as by AUX field
                 * contract. */
                serverLog(LL_DEBUG,"Unrecognized RDB AUX field: '%s'",
                    (char*)auxkey->ptr);
            }

            decrRefCount(auxkey);
            decrRefCount(auxval);
            continue; /* Read type again. */
        }

        /* Read key */
        if ((key = rdbLoadStringObject(&rdb)) == NULL) goto eoferr;
        /* Read value */
        if ((val = rdbLoadObject(type,&rdb)) == NULL) goto eoferr;
        /* Check if the key already expired. This function is used when loading
         * an RDB file from disk, either at startup, or when an RDB was
         * received from the master. In the latter case, the master is
         * responsible for key expiry. If we would expire keys here, the
         * snapshot taken by the master may not be reflected on the slave. */
        if (server.masterhost == NULL && expiretime != -1 && expiretime < now) {
            decrRefCount(key);
            decrRefCount(val);
            continue;
        }
        /* Add the new object in the hash table */
        dbAdd(db,key,val);

        /* Set the expire time if needed */
        if (expiretime != -1) setExpire(db,key,expiretime);

        decrRefCount(key);
    }
    /* Verify the checksum if RDB version is >= 5 */
    if (rdbver >= 5 && server.rdb_checksum) {
        uint64_t cksum, expected = rdb.cksum;

        if (rioRead(&rdb,&cksum,8) == 0) goto eoferr;
        memrev64ifbe(&cksum);
        if (cksum == 0) {
            serverLog(LL_WARNING,"RDB file was saved with checksum disabled: no check performed.");
        } else if (cksum != expected) {
            serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Wrong RDB checksum. Aborting now.");
            rdbExitReportCorruptRDB("RDB CRC error");
        }
    }

    fclose(fp);
    stopLoading();
    return C_OK;

eoferr: /* unexpected end of file is handled here with a fatal exit */
    serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Short read or OOM loading DB. Unrecoverable error, aborting now.");
    rdbExitReportCorruptRDB("Unexpected EOF reading RDB file");
    return C_ERR; /* Just to avoid warning */
}

/* A background saving child (BGSAVE) terminated its work. Handle this.
 * This function covers the case of actual BGSAVEs. */
void backgroundSaveDoneHandlerDisk(int exitcode, int bysignal) {
    if (!bysignal && exitcode == 0) {
        serverLog(LL_NOTICE,
            "Background saving terminated with success");
        server.dirty = server.dirty - server.dirty_before_bgsave;
        server.lastsave = time(NULL);
        server.lastbgsave_status = C_OK;
    } else if (!bysignal && exitcode != 0) {
        serverLog(LL_WARNING, "Background saving error");
        server.lastbgsave_status = C_ERR;
    } else {
        mstime_t latency;

        serverLog(LL_WARNING,
            "Background saving terminated by signal %d", bysignal);
        latencyStartMonitor(latency);
        rdbRemoveTempFile(server.rdb_child_pid);
        latencyEndMonitor(latency);
        latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("rdb-unlink-temp-file",latency);
        /* SIGUSR1 is whitelisted, so we have a way to kill a child without
         * tirggering an error conditon. */
        if (bysignal != SIGUSR1)
            server.lastbgsave_status = C_ERR;
    }
    server.rdb_child_pid = -1;
    server.rdb_child_type = RDB_CHILD_TYPE_NONE;
    server.rdb_save_time_last = time(NULL)-server.rdb_save_time_start;
    server.rdb_save_time_start = -1;
    /* Possibly there are slaves waiting for a BGSAVE in order to be served
     * (the first stage of SYNC is a bulk transfer of dump.rdb) */
    updateSlavesWaitingBgsave((!bysignal && exitcode == 0) ? C_OK : C_ERR, RDB_CHILD_TYPE_DISK);
}

/* A background saving child (BGSAVE) terminated its work. Handle this.
 * This function covers the case of RDB -> Salves socket transfers for
 * diskless replication. */
void backgroundSaveDoneHandlerSocket(int exitcode, int bysignal) {
    uint64_t *ok_slaves;

    if (!bysignal && exitcode == 0) {
        serverLog(LL_NOTICE,
            "Background RDB transfer terminated with success");
    } else if (!bysignal && exitcode != 0) {
        serverLog(LL_WARNING, "Background transfer error");
    } else {
        serverLog(LL_WARNING,
            "Background transfer terminated by signal %d", bysignal);
    }
    server.rdb_child_pid = -1;
    server.rdb_child_type = RDB_CHILD_TYPE_NONE;
    server.rdb_save_time_start = -1;

    /* If the child returns an OK exit code, read the set of slave client
     * IDs and the associated status code. We'll terminate all the slaves
     * in error state.
     *
     * If the process returned an error, consider the list of slaves that
     * can continue to be emtpy, so that it's just a special case of the
     * normal code path. */
    ok_slaves = zmalloc(sizeof(uint64_t)); /* Make space for the count. */
    ok_slaves[0] = 0;
    if (!bysignal && exitcode == 0) {
        int readlen = sizeof(uint64_t);

        if (read(server.rdb_pipe_read_result_from_child, ok_slaves, readlen) ==
                 readlen)
        {
            readlen = ok_slaves[0]*sizeof(uint64_t)*2;

            /* Make space for enough elements as specified by the first
             * uint64_t element in the array. */
            ok_slaves = zrealloc(ok_slaves,sizeof(uint64_t)+readlen);
            if (readlen &&
                read(server.rdb_pipe_read_result_from_child, ok_slaves+1,
                     readlen) != readlen)
            {
                ok_slaves[0] = 0;
            }
        }
    }

    close(server.rdb_pipe_read_result_from_child);
    close(server.rdb_pipe_write_result_to_parent);

    /* We can continue the replication process with all the slaves that
     * correctly received the full payload. Others are terminated. */
    listNode *ln;
    listIter li;

    listRewind(server.slaves,&li);
    while((ln = listNext(&li))) {
        client *slave = ln->value;

        if (slave->replstate == SLAVE_STATE_WAIT_BGSAVE_END) {
            uint64_t j;
            int errorcode = 0;

            /* Search for the slave ID in the reply. In order for a slave to
             * continue the replication process, we need to find it in the list,
             * and it must have an error code set to 0 (which means success). */
            for (j = 0; j < ok_slaves[0]; j++) {
                if (slave->id == ok_slaves[2*j+1]) {
                    errorcode = ok_slaves[2*j+2];
                    break; /* Found in slaves list. */
                }
            }
            if (j == ok_slaves[0] || errorcode != 0) {
                serverLog(LL_WARNING,
                "Closing slave %s: child->slave RDB transfer failed: %s",
                    replicationGetSlaveName(slave),
                    (errorcode == 0) ? "RDB transfer child aborted"
                                     : strerror(errorcode));
                freeClient(slave);
            } else {
                serverLog(LL_WARNING,
                "Slave %s correctly received the streamed RDB file.",
                    replicationGetSlaveName(slave));
                /* Restore the socket as non-blocking. */
                anetNonBlock(NULL,slave->fd);
                anetSendTimeout(NULL,slave->fd,0);
            }
        }
    }
    zfree(ok_slaves);

    updateSlavesWaitingBgsave((!bysignal && exitcode == 0) ? C_OK : C_ERR, RDB_CHILD_TYPE_SOCKET);
}

/* When a background RDB saving/transfer terminates, call the right handler. */
void backgroundSaveDoneHandler(int exitcode, int bysignal) {
    switch(server.rdb_child_type) {
    case RDB_CHILD_TYPE_DISK:
        backgroundSaveDoneHandlerDisk(exitcode,bysignal);
        break;
    case RDB_CHILD_TYPE_SOCKET:
        backgroundSaveDoneHandlerSocket(exitcode,bysignal);
        break;
    default:
        serverPanic("Unknown RDB child type.");
        break;
    }
}

/* Spawn an RDB child that writes the RDB to the sockets of the slaves
 * that are currently in SLAVE_STATE_WAIT_BGSAVE_START state. */
int rdbSaveToSlavesSockets(void) {
    int *fds;
    uint64_t *clientids;
    int numfds;
    listNode *ln;
    listIter li;
    pid_t childpid;
    long long start;
    int pipefds[2];

    if (server.rdb_child_pid != -1) return C_ERR;

    /* Before to fork, create a pipe that will be used in order to
     * send back to the parent the IDs of the slaves that successfully
     * received all the writes. */
    if (pipe(pipefds) == -1) return C_ERR;
    server.rdb_pipe_read_result_from_child = pipefds[0];
    server.rdb_pipe_write_result_to_parent = pipefds[1];

    /* Collect the file descriptors of the slaves we want to transfer
     * the RDB to, which are i WAIT_BGSAVE_START state. */
    fds = zmalloc(sizeof(int)*listLength(server.slaves));
    /* We also allocate an array of corresponding client IDs. This will
     * be useful for the child process in order to build the report
     * (sent via unix pipe) that will be sent to the parent. */
    clientids = zmalloc(sizeof(uint64_t)*listLength(server.slaves));
    numfds = 0;

    listRewind(server.slaves,&li);
    while((ln = listNext(&li))) {
        client *slave = ln->value;

        if (slave->replstate == SLAVE_STATE_WAIT_BGSAVE_START) {
            clientids[numfds] = slave->id;
            fds[numfds++] = slave->fd;
            replicationSetupSlaveForFullResync(slave,getPsyncInitialOffset());
            /* Put the socket in blocking mode to simplify RDB transfer.
             * We'll restore it when the children returns (since duped socket
             * will share the O_NONBLOCK attribute with the parent). */
            anetBlock(NULL,slave->fd);
            anetSendTimeout(NULL,slave->fd,server.repl_timeout*1000);
        }
    }

    /* Create the child process. */
    start = ustime();
    if ((childpid = fork()) == 0) {
        /* Child */
        int retval;
        rio slave_sockets;

        rioInitWithFdset(&slave_sockets,fds,numfds);
        zfree(fds);

        closeListeningSockets(0);
        redisSetProcTitle("redis-rdb-to-slaves");

        retval = rdbSaveRioWithEOFMark(&slave_sockets,NULL);
        if (retval == C_OK && rioFlush(&slave_sockets) == 0)
            retval = C_ERR;

        if (retval == C_OK) {
            size_t private_dirty = zmalloc_get_private_dirty();

            if (private_dirty) {
                serverLog(LL_NOTICE,
                    "RDB: %zu MB of memory used by copy-on-write",
                    private_dirty/(1024*1024));
            }

            /* If we are returning OK, at least one slave was served
             * with the RDB file as expected, so we need to send a report
             * to the parent via the pipe. The format of the message is:
             *
             * <len> <slave[0].id> <slave[0].error> ...
             *
             * len, slave IDs, and slave errors, are all uint64_t integers,
             * so basically the reply is composed of 64 bits for the len field
             * plus 2 additional 64 bit integers for each entry, for a total
             * of 'len' entries.
             *
             * The 'id' represents the slave's client ID, so that the master
             * can match the report with a specific slave, and 'error' is
             * set to 0 if the replication process terminated with a success
             * or the error code if an error occurred. */
            void *msg = zmalloc(sizeof(uint64_t)*(1+2*numfds));
            uint64_t *len = msg;
            uint64_t *ids = len+1;
            int j, msglen;

            *len = numfds;
            for (j = 0; j < numfds; j++) {
                *ids++ = clientids[j];
                *ids++ = slave_sockets.io.fdset.state[j];
            }

            /* Write the message to the parent. If we have no good slaves or
             * we are unable to transfer the message to the parent, we exit
             * with an error so that the parent will abort the replication
             * process with all the childre that were waiting. */
            msglen = sizeof(uint64_t)*(1+2*numfds);
            if (*len == 0 ||
                write(server.rdb_pipe_write_result_to_parent,msg,msglen)
                != msglen)
            {
                retval = C_ERR;
            }
            zfree(msg);
        }
        zfree(clientids);
        rioFreeFdset(&slave_sockets);
        exitFromChild((retval == C_OK) ? 0 : 1);
    } else {
        /* Parent */
        server.stat_fork_time = ustime()-start;
        server.stat_fork_rate = (double) zmalloc_used_memory() * 1000000 / server.stat_fork_time / (1024*1024*1024); /* GB per second. */
        latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("fork",server.stat_fork_time/1000);
        if (childpid == -1) {
            serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't save in background: fork: %s",
                strerror(errno));

            /* Undo the state change. The caller will perform cleanup on
             * all the slaves in BGSAVE_START state, but an early call to
             * replicationSetupSlaveForFullResync() turned it into BGSAVE_END */
            listRewind(server.slaves,&li);
            while((ln = listNext(&li))) {
                client *slave = ln->value;
                int j;

                for (j = 0; j < numfds; j++) {
                    if (slave->id == clientids[j]) {
                        slave->replstate = SLAVE_STATE_WAIT_BGSAVE_START;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            close(pipefds[0]);
            close(pipefds[1]);
        } else {
            serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"Background RDB transfer started by pid %d",
                childpid);
            server.rdb_save_time_start = time(NULL);
            server.rdb_child_pid = childpid;
            server.rdb_child_type = RDB_CHILD_TYPE_SOCKET;
            updateDictResizePolicy();
        }
        zfree(clientids);
        zfree(fds);
        return (childpid == -1) ? C_ERR : C_OK;
    }
    return C_OK; /* Unreached. */
}

void saveCommand(client *c) {
    if (server.rdb_child_pid != -1) {
        addReplyError(c,"Background save already in progress");
        return;
    }
    if (rdbSave(server.rdb_filename) == C_OK) {
        addReply(c,shared.ok);
    } else {
        addReply(c,shared.err);
    }
}

void bgsaveCommand(client *c) {
    if (server.rdb_child_pid != -1) {
        addReplyError(c,"Background save already in progress");
    } else if (server.aof_child_pid != -1) {
        addReplyError(c,"Can't BGSAVE while AOF log rewriting is in progress");
    } else if (rdbSaveBackground(server.rdb_filename) == C_OK) {
        addReplyStatus(c,"Background saving started");
    } else {
        addReply(c,shared.err);
    }
}